http://www.labinitio.com (nz302.

jpg)
adapted from http://www.labinitio.com (nz302.jpg)
Todays lecture is brought to you by the letter P.
http://www.labinitio.com (nz288.jpg)
Announcements
- There is lots of nice math in chapter 32! This lecture calls
your attention to those parts of the chapter that you need to
know for exams. Keep this lecture in mind when you study
chapter 32.
- Exam 3 is the two weeks from yesterday. I will need to know
by the end of next Wednesdays lecture of any students who
have special needs different than for exam 2.
- Exam 3 will cover material through the end of todays lecture.
Material presented in lecture next week will be covered on the
final exam.
Note!
Note: All of these mean average: <S> S
average
S
av
S
avg
For tomorrows homework, you will need to use this equation
from Physics 23:

1 2
grav
2
12
m m
F G
r
=
You will also need to look up the mass of the sun.


Todays agenda:

Electromagnetic Waves.

Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.


rarely in the course of human events have so many starting equations been given in so little time

We began this course by studying fields that didnt vary with
timethe electric field due to static charges, and the magnetic
field due to a constant current.

In case you didnt noticeabout a half dozen lectures ago
things started moving!
We found that changing magnetic
field gives rise to an electric field.
Also a changing electric field gives
rise to a magnetic field.
These time-varying electric and magnetic fields can propagate
through space.
Electromagnetic Waves
E
0 encl 0 0
d
B ds= I +
dt

}
enclosed
o
q
E dA =
c
}
These four equations provide a complete description of
electromagnetism.
0
E

V =
c
0
2
1 dE
B= + J
c dt
V
B dA 0 =
}
B 0 V =
B
d
E ds
dt
u
=
}
dB
E=-
dt
V
Maxwells Equations
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Apply a sinusoidal voltage to an antenna.
Charged particles in the antenna oscillate sinusoidally.
The accelerated charges produce sinusoidally varying
electric and magnetic fields, which extend throughout
space.
The fields do not instantaneously permeate all space, but
propagate at the speed of light.
direction of
propagation
y
z
x
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=35
This static image doesnt show how the wave propagates.
Here are animations, available on-line:
direction of
propagation
y
z
x
Here is a movie.
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radio-waves
(shows electric field only)
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, but are not
mechanical waves (they need no medium to vibrate in).
direction of
propagation
Therefore, electromagnetic waves can propagate in free
space.
At any point, the magnitudes of E and B (of the wave
shown) depend only upon x and t, and not on y or z. A
collection of such waves is called a plane wave.
y
z
x
Manipulation of Maxwells equations leads to the following
plane wave equations for E and B:
These equations have solutions:
You can verify this by direct substitution.
c c
c
c c
2 2
y y
0 0
2 2
E E (x, t)
=
x t
c c
c
c c
2 2
z z
0 0
2 2
B B (x, t)
=
x t
( )
e
y max
E =E sin kx- t
( )
e
z max
B =B sin kx- t
where
, ,
t e
e t

2
k = =2 f and f = =c.
k
E
max
and B
max
in these notes are sometimes written by others as E
0
and B
0
.
E
max
and B
max
are the
electric and magnetic
field amplitudes
Equations on this slide are for waves
propagating along x-direction.
You can also show that
At every instant, the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field
to the magnitude of the magnetic field in an electromagnetic
wave equals the speed of light.
c
c
c c
y
z
E
B
=-
x t
( ) ( )
e e e
max max
E k cos kx- t =B cos kx- t
.
e
c
max
max
0 0
E E 1
= = =c =
B B k
direction of
propagation
y
z
x
E
max
(amplitude)
E(x,t)
Click here to skip 2 slide summary and 1 slide hints that are N/A this semester.
Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
The solutions of Maxwells equations are wave-like with both E
and B satisfying a wave equation.
( )
e
y max
E =E sin kx- t
( )
e
z max
B =B sin kx- t
Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space with the
speed of light c = 1/(
0
c
0
)

.
E
max
and B
max
are the electric and magnetic field amplitudes.
Summary of Important Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
The components of the electric and magnetic fields of plane EM
waves are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation. The latter property says that EM
waves are transverse waves.
The magnitudes of E and B in empty space are related by
E/B = c.
e
max
max
E E
= = =c
B B k
direction of
propagation
y
z
x
Possible Homework Hints (may not be needed every semester)
The speed of light in a nonconducting medium other than a
vacuum is less than c:
c
0 0
1
c =
( )( )
k kc
m 0 0
1
v =
where k is the relative dielectric constant (remember it from
capacitors?) and k
m
is called the relative permeability of the
medium.
Because .
k k
m
c
v = you can show that
These equations are not on your
equation sheet, but you have permission
to use them for tomorrows homework (if
needed): use v for the wave speed, and
replace c
0
by kc
0
and
0
by k
m

0
.
Also
.
max
max
E
=v
B

Todays agenda:

Electromagnetic Waves.

Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an Electromagnetic
Wave.

The magnitude S represents the rate at which energy flows
through a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation.
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves carry energy, and as they propagate
through space they can transfer energy to objects in their path.
The rate of flow of energy in an electromagnetic wave is
described by a vector S, called the Poynting vector.*

0
1
S = E B
Thus, S represents power per unit area. The direction of S is
along the direction of wave propagation. The units of S are
J/(sm
2
) =W/m
2
.
*J. H. Poynting, 1884.
z
x
y
c
S
E
B
Because B = E/c we can write
These equations for S apply at any instant of time and
represent the instantaneous rate at which energy is passing
through a unit area.

0
1
S = E B
For an EM wave
so
E B =EB
.

0
EB
S=
.

2 2
0 0
E cB
S= =
c
The time average of sin
2
(kx - et) is , so

2 2
0 0 0
EB E cB
S= = =
c
EM waves are sinusoidal.
The average of S over one or more cycles is called the wave
intensity I.

2 2
max max max max
average
0 0 0
E B E cB
I =S = S = = =
2 2 c 2
This equation is the same as 10-29 in your text, using c = 1/(
0
c
0
)

.
( )
e
y max
E =E sin kx- t
( )
e
z max
B =B sin kx- t
Notice the 2s in
this equation.
EM wave propagating
along x-direction
Thus,
The magnitude of S is the rate at which energy is
transported by a wave across a unit area at any instant:
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
instantaneous
instantaneous
energy
power
time
S= =
area area
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
|
\ .
average
average
energy
power
time
I = S = =
area area
Note: S
average
and <S> mean the same thing!
The energy densities (energy per unit volume) associated
with electric and magnetic fields are:
Using B = E/c and c = 1/(
0
c
0
)

we can write
Energy Density
c
2
E 0
1
u = E
2
2
B
0
1 B
u =
2
( )
c
c

2
2 2
2
0 0
B 0
0 0 0
E
E 1 B 1 1 1
c
u = = = = E
2 2 2 2
c

2
2
B E 0
0
1 1 B
u =u = E =
2 2
remember: E and B are
sinusoidal functions of time
For an electromagnetic wave, the instantaneous energy density
associated with the magnetic field equals the instantaneous
energy density associated with the electric field.
c

2
2
B E 0
0
1 1 B
u =u = E =
2 2
c

2
2
B E 0
0
B
u=u +u = E =
Hence, in a given volume the energy is equally shared by the
two fields. The total energy density is equal to the sum of the
energy densities associated with the electric and magnetic
fields:
When we average this instantaneous energy density over one
or more cycles of an electromagnetic wave, we again get a
factor of from the time average of sin
2
(kx - et).
so we see that
Recall
The intensity of an electromagnetic wave equals the average
energy density multiplied by the speed of light.
c

2
2
B E 0
0
B
u=u +u = E =
c

2
2
max
0 max
0
B 1 1
u = E =
2 2

2 2
max max
average
0 0
E cB 1 1
S = S = =
2 c 2
. S =c u
, c
2
E 0 max
1
u = E
4
,

2
max
B
0
B 1
u =
4
and

Quiz 8.

Example: a radio station on the surface of the earth radiates a
sinusoidal wave with an average total power of 50 kW.*
Assuming the wave is radiated equally in all directions above
the ground, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic
fields detected by a satellite 100 km from the antenna.
R
Station
Satellite
All the radiated power passes
through the hemispherical
surface* so the average power
per unit area (the intensity) is
( )
( )

| |

|
t
\ .
t
4
-7 2
2 2
5
average
5.00 10 W
power P
I = = = =7.96 10 W m
area 2 R
2 1.00 10 m
*In problems like this you need to ask whether the power
is radiated into all space or into just part of space.
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.
R
Station
Satellite

2
max
0
E 1
I = S =
2 c

max 0
E = 2 cI
( )( )( )
t
-7 8 -7
= 2 4 10 3 10 7.96 10

-2
V
=2.45 10
m
( )
( )

-2
-11
max
max
8
V
2.45 10
E
m
B = = =8.17 10 T
c
3 10 m s
Example: for the radio station in the example on the previous
two slides, calculate the average energy densities associated
with the electric and magnetic field.
c
2
E 0 max
1
u = E
4
( )( )
2

-12 -2
E
1
u = 8.85 10 2.45 10
4

-15
E
3
J
u =1.33 10
m

2
max
B
0
B 1
u =
4
( )
( )
2

t
-11
B
-7
8.17 10
1
u =
4
4 10

-15
B
3
J
u =1.33 10
m

Todays agenda:

Electromagnetic Waves.

Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure of an
Electromagnetic Wave.

Momentum and Radiation Pressure
EM waves carry linear momentum as well as energy.
The momentum density carried by an electromagnetic wave is
Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.
2
S
dp
=
dV c
where dp is the momentum carried in the volume dV.
This equation is not on your
equation sheet, but you have
permission to use them for
tomorrows homework (if needed)
If we assume that EM radiation is incident on an object for a
time At and that the radiation is entirely absorbed by the
object, then the object gains energy AU in time At.
Maxwell showed that the momentum
change of the object is then:
The direction of the momentum change of the object is in the
direction of the incident radiation.
incident
A
A
U
p = (total absorption)
c
When the momentum carried by an electromagnetic wave is
absorbed at a surface, pressure is exerted on that surface.
If instead of being totally absorbed the radiation is totally
reflected by the object, and the reflection is along the incident
path, then the magnitude of the momentum change of the
object is twice that for total absorption.
The direction of the momentum change of the object is again
in the direction of the incident radiation.
A
A
2 U
p = (total reflection along incident path)
c
incident
reflected
The radiation pressure on the object is defined as the force per
unit area:
From Newtons 2
nd
Law (F = dp/dt) we have:
For total absorption,
So
Radiation Pressure
F
P=
A
F 1 dp
P= =
A A dt
A
A
U
p=
c
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
dU
1 dp 1 d U 1 S
dt
P= = = =
A dt A dt c c A c
incident
(Equations on this slide involve magnitudes of vector quantities.)
This is the instantaneous radiation pressure in the case of total
absorption:
S
P =
c
For the average radiation pressure, replace S by <S>=S
avg
=I:
average
rad
S
I
P = =
c c
Electromagnetic waves also carry momentum through space
with a momentum density of S
average
/c
2
=I/c
2
. This is not on your
equation sheet but you have special permission to use it in
tomorrows homework, if necessary.

Todays lecture is brought
to you by the letter P.
rad
I
P = (total absorption)
c
rad
2I
P = (total reflection)
c
incident
incident
reflected
absorbed
Using the arguments above it can also be shown that:
If an electromagnetic wave does not strike a surface, it still
carries momentum away from its emitter, and exerts P
rad
=I/c
on the emitter.
Example: a satellite orbiting the earth has solar energy
collection panels with a total area of 4.0 m
2
. If the suns
radiation is incident perpendicular to the panels and is
completely absorbed find the average solar power absorbed
and the average force associated with the radiation pressure.
The intensity (I or S
average
) of sunlight prior to passing through
the earths atmosphere is 1.4 kW/m
2
.
( )
( )

3 2 3
2
W
Power =IA= 1.4 10 4.0 m =5.6 10 W=5.6 kW
m
Assuming total absorption of the radiation:
( )
( )

3
2
average -6
rad
8
W
1.4 10
S
I
m
P = = = =4.7 10 Pa
m c c
3 10
s
( )
( )

-6 2 -5
2
rad
N
F=P A= 4.7 10 4.0 m =1.9 10 N
m
Caution! The letter P
(or p) has been used
in this lecture for
power, pressure, and
momentum!
Thats because todays lecture is
brought to you by the letter P.
I know you are mostly engineers, and
think applications are important

So I found you a revolutionary
new application that uses electro-
magnetic waves.
Revolutionary Application of Electromagnetic Waves
The UFO Detector. Only $48.54 at
amazon.com (just search for ufo
detector).
The UFO detector continually monitors its
surrounding area for any magnetic and
electromagnetic anomalies.
New starting equations from this lecture:

0
1
S = E B

2 2
max max
average
0 0
E cB 1 1
S = =
2 c 2
c
max
max
0 0
E E 1
= =c =
B B
c

2
2
B E 0
0
1 1 B
u =u = E =
2 2
c

2
2
max
0 max
0
B 1 1
u = E =
2 2
A A
A
U 2 U
p = or
c c
rad
I 2I
P = or
c c
, ,
t e
e t

2
k = =2 f f = =c
k
There are even more on your starting equation sheet; they are derived from the above!