Aircraft Design Day8
Aircraft Design Day8
Aircraft Design Day8
BUCKLING OF AIRCRAFT
STRUCTURES
BUCKLING
Buckling is a failure mode characterized by a
sudden failure of a structural member subjected to
high compressive stresses, where the actual
compressive stresses at failure are smaller than
the ultimate compressive stresses that the material
is capable of withstanding
Perfect structures
Pcr
e s
Load P
ur
u ct
str
f e ct
p er
im
Lateral Deflection
COLUMN CLASSIFICATION
Type Material Column
Structural Aluminium Aluminium Wood Theory
Steel alloy (6000) alloy (2000)
Short SR<40 SR<9.5 SR<12 SR<11 Johnson
Radius of curvature d2 y
1 dx 2
= 2 3/ 2
... (2)
R dy
1 + dx
Ignoring higher order terms
1 d2 y
= 2 ... (3)
R dx
v = 0 at x = 0 ⇒ 0 = C2 nπ
Boundary conditions λ=
v = 0 at x = L ⇒ 0 = C1 sin(λL) L P P
B
x
Actual solution v = C1 sin(nπ )
L v
M= -Pv
x
Substituting in equation P A
− λ2C1 sin(λx) + C1 sin(λx ) = 0 P
P
EI
P B
( − λ2 )C1 sin(λx) = 0
EI
P = EIλ 2
n 2π 2 EI A
Pcr = n=1 n=2
L2
PLASTICITY REDUCTION FACTOR
• If the elastic buckling stress is more than the
yield stress, plasticity reduction factor has to
be applied. For columns, plasticity reduction
factor is applied through tangent modulus
INELASTIC BUCKLING
• For a column with intermediate length, buckling occurs after the
stress in the column exceeds the proportional limit of the column
material and before the stress reaches the ultimate strength. This
kind of situation is called inelastic buckling
Euler Engesser π2 Et A
Pcr = 2
Leff
ρ
Reduced modulus theory
π2 Er I 4 EE t
Pcr = Er =
(L )
eff
2
( E + Et ) 2
REDUCED MODULUS FORMULA
d1 d2
As load remains constant
∫σ
0
x dA = ∫ σ v dA
0
………… (1)
d1 d2
Moment equilibrium
∫σ ( y
0
x 1 + e )dA + ∫ σ v ( y 2 − e ) dA = − Pv
0
………… (2)
σ1 σ2 ………… (3)
σx = y1 σv = y2
d1 d2
Change in slope d 2v σ1 σ2
= =
dz 2 Ed 1 E t d 2 ………… (4)
REDUCED MODULUS FORMULA
d1 d2
Equation (1) becomes d 2v d 2v
E 2
dz ∫0 y1dA − E t dz 2 ∫ y dA = 0
0
2 ………… (5)
Equation (2) becomes
d 2 v 1 2 2
d d2 d1 d2
d v
2
dz 0
E ∫ y1 dA + E t ∫ 2y 2
dA
+ e
2
dz 0
E ∫ y1 dA + E t ∫ 2y dA = − Pv
………… (6)
0 0
π2 Er I ………… (9)
Pcr =
l e2
EULER ENGESSER FORMULA
Equation (9) gives π2 Er I
Pcr = ………… (10)
l e2
But E r I = EI1 + E t I 2 ………… (11)
E r I = E t I1 + E t I 2 = E t I ………… (12)
π2 Et I ………… (13)
Pcr =
l e2
EULER ENGESSER CURVE
Euler Engesser curve is divided in to three regions
1) Block compression
2) Short column range ( Plasticity effects)
3) Long column range (Euler buckling)
TANGENT & SECANT MODULUS
Tangent modulus
E
Et = log e ( 17 / 7 )
3 F n −1
n = 1+
1 + n F0.7
7 F0.7
F0.85
E
Et =
0.002 En σ n−1
1 +
σ σ
cy cy
Secant modulus
E
Es =
σ
n
1 + 0 .002 E
σ σ
cy
COLUMNS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
•Material is isotropic
•Material is ductile
Crippling stress
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
•As the buckling takes place, the increasing load is
transferred to the corners.
•Stress build up at the corner after the buckling is not
well understood
•Boundary restraint between flange and plate element is
unknown
FLANGE CRIPPLING
The crippling stress is defined by dividing the failure load
at which the flange collapses by the area of the flange.
Pre-Buckled Post-Buckled
Unrestrained Restrained
WEB CRIPPLING STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
Stress distribution
PREDICTION OF CRIPPLING
STRESS
1 Angle method (Needham method)
• Member is divided into number of angles
• Crippling strength is obtained by summation of
individual crippling strength
Fcs ce
=
(F E )
cy
1
n
( t)
b′
0.75
Extruded / Machined
b = b + 0.57 R
Formed section
SECTION DETAILS
t 0 + t1
t=
2
Tapered section
Stepped section
SECTION DETAILS
bthick
= 3t thin 1 t f b f
3
t thick ,cor Rα
bthin Rθ =
20 b w t w3
2
tf
Rα = cos α +
2 sin 2 α
Thin / thick section b
f
Adjoining flange
SECTION DETAILS
4
Bulb section
3 2
Dmin b
− 1.6 D min − 0.374 D min = 7.44 f
t t t t
f f f f
E
w = 1.9t
F
cy
NASA Structures manual
( E s ) skin 1
2w e = Kt
( E s ) stiff f
stiff For skin & stiffener different material
Es
2w e = Kt
f For skin & stiffener same material
stiff
CLASSIFICATION OF PLATES:
Qxz
Mx
Mxy
dy
Mxy
z
Mx
y
dx Qxz
dz
x My
Myx Qyz
PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
• Plate bending equation is derived based
on the following
a) Strain-displacement relation
∂ 2 w0
2
εx θx ∂2x
ε y = z θ y = − z ∂ w20
………….. (1)
γ 2θ ∂y
xy xy ∂ 2 w0
∂x ∂y
b) Stress-strain relation
εx 1 −ν 0 σ x
1
ε y = − ν ………….. (2)
1 0 σ y
γ E 0 0 2(1 + ν ) τ xy
xy
PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
c) Moment & Force resultants
M x t / 2 σ x
M y = ∫ z σ y dz ………….. (3)
M −t / 2 τ
xy xy
Qxz = t / 2 τ xz dz
Q yz −t∫/ 2 τ yz
………….. (4)
d) Equilibrium equations
∂M xy ∂M y ………….. (5)
Q yz = +
∂x ∂y
∂M x ∂M yx
Qxz = + ………….. (6)
∂x ∂y
∂Qxz ∂Q yz
+ = −p
∂x ∂y ………….. (7)
PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
(5) & (6) in (7) gives
∂2M x ∂ 2 M xy ∂ 2 M y
+2 + = −p ………….. (8)
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y 2
σ x 1 ν 0 ε x ………….. (10)
σ y = E
ν 1 0 ε y
τ (1 − ν )
2
(1 − ν ) γ xy
xy 0 0
2
(1) in (10) gives ∂ 2 w0
2
σ x 1 ν 0 ∂2x
σ y = − Ez 2 ν 1 ∂ w
0 20
τ
(1 − ν ) 0 0 (1 − ν ) ∂y ………….. (11)
xy
∂ 2 w0
∂x∂y
PLATE BENDING (Contd….)
(11) in (9) gives
t/2
Ez 2 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0
∫ 4 + ν 2 2 + 2(1 − ν ) 2 2 + 4 + ν 2 2 dz = p
2
−t / 2 1 − ν
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
t/2
Ez 2 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0 ∂ 4 w0
∫ dz 4 + 2 2 2 + = p
4 ………….. (12)
−t / 2 1 − ν ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2
But t/2
E Et 3
D= ∫ z 2
dz =
12(1 − ν 2 )
………….. (13)
−t / 2 1 − ν
2
p ………….. (14)
∇ w=
4
D
PLATE SOLUTION
Plate equation is given as
∂4w ∂4w ∂ 4 w p ( x, y )
4 + 2 2 2 + 4 = ………….. (14)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y D
Assume
………….. (15)
∞ ∞
mπx nπy
w( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ Amn sin sin
m =1 n =1 a b
∞ ∞
mπx nπy ………….. (16)
q ( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ amn sin sin
m =1 n =1 a b
4
∂4w ∞ ∞ mπ mπx nπy
= ∑ ∑ mn A sin sin ………….. (17)
∂x 4
m =1 n =1 a a b
4
∂ w nπ mπx nπy
4
∞ ∞
= ∑ ∑ Amn sin sin ………….. (18)
∂y 4
m =1 n =1 b a b
2 2
∂4w ∞ ∞
mπ nπ mπx nπy
= ∑ ∑ Amn sin sin ………….. (19)
∂x ∂y
2 2
m =1 n =1 a b a b
PLATE SOLUTION
(17), (18) & (19) in (14) gives
∞ mπ 4 a mn mπx nπy
2 2 4
∞
m π nπ n π sin
∑ ∑ Amn + 2 + − sin = 0 ………….. (20)
a a b b D a b
m =1 n =1
b2) 2
………….. (22)
mn + ………….. (24)
a b
For concentrated load mπa nπb mπx nπy
sin sin sin
L sin L
L L
4P ∞ ∞ x y x y
w( x, y ) = 4 ∑ ∑
π DL x L y m =1 n =1 m 2 n 2
2
………….. (25)
+
Lx L y
PLATE SOLUTION
Moment m 2 2
+ν n
a b
16q0 ∞ ∞
mπx nπy ………….. (26)
Mx = 4 ∑ ∑ sin sin
π m =1,3, 5,...n =1,3, 5,... m 2 n 2 2 a b
mn +
a b
m 2 n 2
ν +
a b
16q0 ∞
My = 4 ∑
∞
sin mπx sin nπy
∑ ………….. (27)
π m =1, 3, 5,...n =1, 3, 5,... m 2 n 2 2 a b
mn +
a b
Stress
12M x z
σx = ………….. (28)
t3
12M y z
σy = 3
………….. (29)
t
BUCKLING OF PLATES
Nx Nx b
a
Displacement
∞ ∞
mπx nπy
w( x, y ) = ∑ ∑ Amn sin sin ………….. (1)
m =1 n =1 a b
Potential energy
1a b ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w 2
2 2
∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w ∂w
U + V = ∫ ∫ D 2 + 2 − 2(1 −ν ) 2 − − N x dxdy
2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
2
∂x∂y ∂x
0 0
………….. (2)
2
π abD ∞ ∞ 2 m n π 2b
4 2 2
∞ ∞
U +V = ∑ ∑ Amn + − N x ∑ ∑ m 2 Amn
2
………….. (3)
8 m=1 n=1 a b 8 m =1 n =1
BUCKLING OF PLATES (Contd..)
Differentiating
2
∂ (U + V ) π abD 4
m n π 2b 2 2
= Amn + − N x m 2 Amn
∂Amn 4 a b 4a
………….. (4)
Critical buckling load
2
π a D m n
2 2 2 2
N Cr = + ………….. (5)
m a b
2
kπ 2 D mb a
2
bt 3
• For a rectangular plate L = a, I =
12
and σ cr = Pcr tb ………….. (5)
Solution method
Lanczos method
Subspace iteration
Backward iteration
NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
[ K L + K NL ]{ X } = [ P]
[KL] – Linear Stiffness matrix
[KNL ] – Nonlinear Stiffness matrix
{X} – Deflection vector
[P} - Load vector
Solution method
Newton-Raphson Method