INTRODUCTION TO

CMG- IMEX
BLACK OIL MODEN
Simulator Data Organisation
I/O Control Section
Reservoir Section
Components Section
Rock-Fluid Section
Initial Conditions Section
Numerical Section
Well & Recurrent Section

Presentation Outline

Simulator Data Organisation

Basic file extensions

- *.dat simulator input file
- *.inc - additional include files
- *.out - File output by simulator (ASCII)
- *.irf - Header file output for graphical post
processing (index results file)
- *.mrf - Binary data file containing simulator
results (main results file)

Simulator Data Organisation

Additional file extensions

- *.rrf restart results file, output at user
defined intervals to allow simulator to
restart from that point beyond
- *.err - error file
- *.ses - Template file for Graph
- *.3tp - Template file for 3D results
- *.fhf - Historical data file
- *.log - Diary output, time step summary,
Convergence summary

Simulator Data Organisation

The *.dat file contains several data sections in the
following order

- I/O Control section
- Reservoir Section
- Components Section
- Rock-Fluid Section
- Initial Conditions Section
- Numerical section
- Well and recurrent data section
Simulator Data Organisation

I/O Section
Controls for filenames
used
Dimensioning statements
Unit System
Controls for frequency
and content of output

*TITLE1 Example Problem
*TITLE2 March-2007'
*CASEID 'History'
*INUNIT MODSI
*WSRF WELL 1
*WSRF GRID TIME
*WSRF SECTOR TIME
*OUTSRF WELL LAYER NONE
*OUTSRF RES ALL
*OUTSRF GRID SO SG SW PRES DATUMPRES
*WPRN GRID 0
*OUTPRN GRID NONE
*OUTPRN RES NONE
Simulator Data Organisation

Reservoir Description Section
- Description of geological
framework
- Type and dimension of grid
- Spatial location
- Layering of flow units
- Faults / Transmissibility
- Phi, K

GRID VARI 45 70 3
KDIR DOWN
DI IVAR
45*150
DJ JVAR
70*150
DK ALL
Include 'gross.arr'
DTOP
Include 'top.arr'
NULL ALL
Include 'act.arr'
NETPAY ALL
Include 'net.arr'
POR ALL
Include 'por.arr'
PERMI ALL
Include 'permx.inc'
PERMJ EQUALSI
PERMK EQUALSI
TRANSI *IJK
10:10 1:25 1:3 0
TRANSK *IJK
1:45 1:75 1:3 0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
-
5
,
0
0
0
-
4
,
0
0
0
-
3
,
0
0
0
-
2
,
0
0
0
-
1
,
0
0
0
0
-
5
,
0
0
0
-
4
,
0
0
0
-
3
,
0
0
0
-
2
,
0
0
0
-
1
,
0
0
0
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 miles
0.00 0.50 1.00 km
File: ADBv ariant_recommended.irf
User: 070418
Date: 6/12/2008
Scale: 1:41685
Y/X: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
2,249
2,273
2,298
2,322
2,346
2,370
2,395
2,419
2,443
2,468
2,492
SIMULATION OF LAKWA TS1
Grid Top (m) 0.00 day K layer: 1
Simulator Data Organisation

Fluid Model Section
- Type of fluid to be modeled
Black oil
condensate
gas water
- PVT description
- FVF, Rs, Bg, Uo, Ug, Co
- Surface phase densities

MODEL BLACKOIL
TRES 130
PVT BG 1 *** 297 Block

** P RS BO BG UO UG CO

20.00 44.0 1.3594 0.061337 0.357
0.0106 0.000384
60.00 99.2 1.5849 0.019424 0.241
0.0119 0.000384
100.00 151.3 1.7755 0.010905 0.176
0.0131 0.000384
120.00 180.5 1.8810 0.008946 0.163
0.0138 0.000384

DENSITY OIL 806.2
DENSITY GAS 1.525 ** kg/m3

REFPW 1.03323
DENSITY WATER 1000.
BWI 1.02
CW 5.3e-05 *** 1/kg/cm2
VWI 0.25 ** in cp
CVW 0
CVO 33e-05 ** Oil visc correction above pb

Rock-Fluid Section
- Similar rock types are
grouped together
- Rel perm tables
- Cap. Pressure curves
- Hysterisis

Simulator Data Organisation

ROCKFLUID
RPT 1

SWT
***Sw Krw Krow Pcow

0.2000 0.000 1.000 0.0
0.3120 0.004 0.458 0.0
0.4240 0.020 0.167 0.0
0.5920 0.082 0.015 0.0
0.7600 0.200 0.000 0.0
1.0000 1.000 0.000 0.0


SGT
**Sg Krg Krog Pcog

0.0000 0.0000 1.00000 0.0
0.0200 0.0000 1.00000 0.0
0.1620 0.0064 0.40813 0.0
0.3300 0.1000 0.06161 0.0
0.3860 0.1728 0.02505 0.0
0.5540 0.5832 0.00009 0.0
0.6100 0.8000 0.00000 0.0
Simulator Data Organisation

Initial conditions section
- Allocation of saturation/
pressure
- Vertical equilibrium
- Fluid contacts
- Reference pressure/depth
- completes static description
- Fluid-in-place can be computed
SWCON ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_swcon.inc'

SWCRIT ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_swcrit.inc'

SORW ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_sorw.inc'

SORG ALL
INCLUDE 'gs12a_sorg.inc'

INITIAL
VERTICAL DEPTH_AVE WATER_OIL_GAS EQUIL

REFDEPTH 3250
REFPRES 340.0

DWOC 3420 *** 297 Block
DGOC 2800

DATUMDEPTH 3250

PB CON 150
Simulator Data Organisation

Numerical section
- matrix soln method
- iteration convergence limitscan be tuned
- DTMAX, DTMIN

NUMERICAL
RUN
DATE 1993 4 1
*DTMAX 31.0
*DTWELL 1.0
*NORM *PRESS 1000 ** Normal maximum change per timestep
*NORM SATUR 0.2
GROUP 'Group-297' ATTACHTO 'Field'
GROUP 'Group-205' ATTACHTO 'Field'

WELL '138' ATTACHTO 'Group-205'
PRODUCER '138'
OPERATE MAX STO 100. CONT
**$ rad geofac wfrac skin
GEOMETRY K 0.1079 0.37 1. 5.0
PERF GEO '138'
**$ UBA ff Status Connection
24 46 2 1. OPEN FLOW-TO 'SURFACE' REFLAYER
24 46 3 1. OPEN FLOW-TO 1
Simulator Data Organisation

Recurrent Data Section
- Group hierrarchy
- Well definitions
- Perforation definition
- Operating guidelines/monitoring controls
- historical prodn data
I/O Control Section

I/O Control Section

I/O Control
applied throughout run
report variables listed

Well & Recurrent Section
Applied from that point
onward
Typically alters output freq.
or provides specific report
times
*WRST TNEXT

I/O Control Section

Check to select the
output in SRF and
OUT file
Restart Files

*WRST initiates output of the restart information
-Can be used in I/O section or wells section

Builder I/O section allows selection of restart points
Restart Files

REWINDable restarts

- usually restart information is held in .irf/.mrf files
- *REWIND causes an .rrf file to be created
- *REWIND 3
only the last three restarts will be preserved
- saves time and space


Using Restart Files

Keywords required
* FILENAME INDEX-IN d:\ABC\history.dat
(This must be the first keyword in the file)
* RESTART 132

Add these to the original run and save the new file as
a different name

No other changes are required
- Any data before the restart data will be skipped

Reservoir Section

Simulation Model Gridding

Types of grid and data input
Structural data
Property data and modification
Sectors
Problem grids and geology
Gridding

Grid Types
- CART
- VARI
- CORNER
- RADIAL

* KDIR UP/DOWN
I
J
K
I
J
K
K=1 at the top
K=1 at the bottom
Forms of Geological Data

Data types accepted by builder
Scatter data points (well data)
Contour maps o f 2D surface
- Sets of connected points forming line with
value, may contain faults and well locations
- Atlas Boundary, WINDIG, ZMAP,CPS-3

Mesh maps of 2D surface
- Regular, orthogonal grid of data
- CMG, ZMAP GRID, CPS-3


RESCUE formats (Petrel, Landmark, Roxar)
Specifying Property

Select Property and layer, PVT/RTYPE/Sector
Can use Value ; Map ; Formula
Specifying Property

Array Property Calculator

User enters formula to define property arrays from
other arrays
-Logic, arithmetic and logarithmic functions

Have an easy to use interface for constructing
formulas

Properties once calculated can be graphically edited
and saved to MOD array

Sectors

Sectors define individual reporting areas
-FIP, Prodn/Inject accounting

Defined either by
- Numbered array
- Distinct sector name

Report to text or graphics output files
Components Section

Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Retrograde Gas Condensate
Wet gas
Dry gas
Experimental Analysis

Three main, and one optional, experiments required:

Flash Expansion to determine Pb

Differential Liberation to determine, Bo, Rs, Bg,
Muo, Mug

Flash separation to modify diff lib data to match
field separator conditions

Swelling Test to provide properties when gas is
injected
IMEX Fluid Model Types

BLACKOIL
- 3 Phases O W G
OILWATER
- 2 Phases O W
MISCG
- 4 Phases O W G S
MISNCG
- 3 Phases O W G (same gas for injection)
POLY
- 4 Phases O W G P
GASWATER
- 2 Phases G W
GASWATER_WITH_CONDENSATE
- 3 Phases O W G, but O can vapourise gas phase
Black Oil PVT

PVT data is enetered in tabular form

Enter Rs, Bo, Eg, Uo, Ug as functn of pressure
Rs - Soln GOR
Bo - Oil FVF
Eg/Bg - Gas expansion factor/Gas FVF
Uo - Oil Visc
Ug - Gas Visc

IMEX allows both
- direct PVT input *PVT and *PVTG
- diff lib data *DIFLIB and *PVTG
- requires flash separator Pb, Bo and Rs

IMEX Conventions



PVT table describes saturated
behaviour only

Compressibility used to
define undersaturated
behaviour

Can supply Co within tables
or as separate entries

*CO describes undersaturated
oil behaviour

Can have different Co values
for different Pbub
PVT using Correlations

PVT using Correlations

Main properties which are determined:
- Pb, Rs, Bo, Bg, density, Co, Viscosity
Correlations are particular to specific areas
Some of the more widely used correlations

Standing Lasater Vasquez-Beggs Glasso Marhoun
Pb, psia 130-7000 48-5750 15-6055 165-7142 130-3573
Temp, F 100-258 82-272 162-180 80-280 74-240
FVF 1.024-2.15 1.028-2.226 1.025-2.588 1.032-1.997
Rock-Fluid Section

Rock-Fluid interaction

Relative permeability
End Point Scaling
Capillary Pressure
J Function
Wettability
Hysteresis
Non-Darcy Flow

Builder Functionality

Builder Provides
-Rel Perm curve
generation from end
point data

-End point scaling

-Number of
smoothing functions

-Ability of QC and
average Kr, PC data

-Graphical editing

Relative Permeability

Usually two-phase data determined
*SWT : Sw, Krw, Krow
*SLT : Sl, Krg, Krog
*SGT : Sg, Krg, Krog
Capillary pressure (drainage and imbibition can be
entered
Critical and connate points can be scaled
Three phase measurements are very difficult,
correlations are used
Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

Usually simulators use Stones Model
for generating 3 Ph relperm from
2 phase relperm data
Stone-1 & 2 are very popular methods
Fits measured data
Stone-2 is default
Other models also available
- Linear Isoperm
- Segregated model
Hysteresis

Hysteresis more
pronounced in non-
wetting phase

Sg, So, Pcog, Pcow
modeled

Initial Conditions Section

Reservoir Initialisation

Assignment of saturation and pressure profiles
- Can be done automatically assuming Gravity-
Capillary equilibrium
- Block Centred
- Depth Average
- Can be input manually (user input)

Multiple regions (must have separate PVT)


Reservoir Initialisation

Automatic allocation of vlaues requires
- datum pressure and depth
- WOC and/or GOC
- contacts (Pc at defined values, default=0)
DATUMDEPTH
- reporting pressures in output
Density data used for pressure profile
Capillary data for saturation profile
Reservoir Initialisation

Numerical Section
Default Numerical parameters are usually sufficient
No changes are required normally

Iteration routine fails to converge
- Take smaller timesteps smaller DTMAX or
- reducing changes/timesteps *NORM *PRESS and/or
*NORM *SATUR
- Increase iterations ITERMAX
- Increase degree of factorisation *SDEGREE
- This increase memory requirments

Numerical Tuning

Numerical Tuning

Large number of time cuts :
- Check PVT/Rock Curves for non-linearities
- Check that grid and other properties are properly
specified
- Check the well constraints MAX BHP, MIN BHP
- Check for small pore volumes
- Increase Newton Cycles
- Increase no. of time cuts *NCUTS

Very small blocks can cause serious oscillations when
connected to large blocks
Use PVCUTOF to null out small PV blocks



Well and Recurrent Section
Well and Recurrent Data
Section starts with *RUN keyword followed by *DATE
Once start date set in builder can only change in text editor
Simulation advances using *DATE or *TIME or both
Static data can be altered with time
- I/O keywords can be inserted to produce output at specified dates
- can also add LGRs
- TRANS
- RTYPE
- Relperm endpoints
The following is a complete description of a well
*WELL
*PRODUCER or *INJECTOR
*PWELLBORE or *IWELLBORE (only if WHP calculation is required)
*INCOMP (only for injectors)
*OPERATE (oil rate, liquid rate etc)
*MONITOR (watercut, GOR, BHP)
*GEOMETRY (well radius, skin etc)
*PERF
Modifiers
*ALTER or *TARGET
Well Keyword description
The well model is controlled by 2 dependent variables
-Well pressure and well flow rates
The basic equation relating well inflow to pressure is :

Wells in Simulation
P WI Q
j j
A =
(j=o, w, g)
S
r
r
K
Kh WI
w
e
j
rj
j
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
ln
1
2

t
Where,
BHP Block
P P P = A
Wells in Simulation
Total inflow for a production well is :

) ( P WI Q
j ions allconnect j
A =
SET PI allows fixed WI value from well test or multiplier to
be applied for whole well at a given time
IMEX has several ways to allocate production to multiple layers
- Define individual WI directly (PERF WI)
- Using grid block geometry (PERF GEO or KH)
Wells in Simulation
The GEOMETRY keyword allows
- grid penetration direction
- well radius
- Geofac (used in re calculation)
- Wfrac (multiplier to account for non 360 deg flow)
- Skin
Wells in Simulation
BHP is calculated at a defined depth
- Default datum is centre of first defined perf
- Otherwise by adding *REFLAYER to completion in *PERF
- can also specify a BHP datum depth *BHPDEPTH
- default mobility weighted fluid density is used

LAYERIJK
- well can be completed in several directions
- *GEOMETRY allows only one direction
LAYERXYZ
- Based on well trajectory (by builder)
Well Control
Wells can be controlled by either rate or pressure limits
one must be specified, so that other can be derived
Many limits can be set but only one can be in control at any
given time
- Multiple *OPERATE can be defined
- Most limiting one actually controls the well
- *ALTER changes first defined *OPERATE constraint
- *TARGET changes any defined constraint
- Re-defining *OPERATE resets all earlier settings
*MONITOR/PENALTY keyword can be used for well management
Well location Options
Builder will calculate well completion blocks using these
methods:
- X, Y of a well
- Import well deviation data
- can also specify well blocks using point and click
- Typing of block address

Deviation data allows more accurate inflow description
*LAYERXYZ
Well Group Controls
IMEX provides FIELD, PLATFORM, GROUP , WELL hierarchical
control
FIELD
- PF1
-GROUP-1
-W1,W2, W3.....
-GROUP-2
-W5, W6, W7..
-PF2
-GROUP-3
-W8, W9, W10.
-PF3

The Hierarchical Tree
Always one Default-Group is present
Attached to FIELD
Any well not attached to any group will be allocated to default
group
Groups have separate injection and production controls
-GCONP, GCONI
Cannot have both wells and groups attached to group
Two levels of groups can exist between FIELD and WELLS
Group Controls
Rate, GOR and water cut constraints at any level
-Force simulator to honour facilities constraint
Voidage replacement
- Pressure maintenance
- Recycling of produced water or gas
- Recycling needs both producers and injectors in same group
Automatic well re-completion, opening, shutting or plugging to
defined levels
Assign/Re-assign platform, groups, wells at any time
Well can be attached to only one group at a time
Group targets allocated to wells/groups based on well/groups
instantaneous potential

Aquifer - Analytical
Analytical aquifers are mathematical equations connected to
reservoir blocks to replicate water influx
Fetkovich
- Models finite aquifer without use of influence functions
Carter Tracy
- Pressure at external boundary does not change
- Infinite acting by default
- Influence table control water influx for finite
representations
Gravity effects not accounted in analytical models
-Hence bottom aquifer may over predict water influx
Direction of flow *AQLEAK
- Default is only inflow allowed (no outflow on
repressurisations)
- *ON allows flow back into aquifer
Aquifer - Analytical
Use R ratio to change strength (ratio of auifer radius to
reservoir radius)
Very large aquifers can also be represented by constant
pressure wells
Connect aquifer to water filled blocks
Large volume water cells can be placed between analytical
aquifer and reservoir
Can also apply volume multipliers to water cells (use sensible
values or it may create convergence problems)
Other capabilities
Modeling Naturally fractured system (dual porosity/permeability)
Hydraulic fractures
Local Grid Refinements
Fault modeling
Vertical flow modeling