Hashing: CSE 373 Data Structures

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Hashing

CSE 373
Data Structures
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Readings

Reading
Goodrich and Tamassia, Chapter 8
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The Need or Speed

Data structures !e ha"e #oo$ed at so ar

%se comparison operations to ind items

Need &'#og N( time or &'N( or )ind and *nsert

*n rea# !or#d app#ications, N is t+pica##+


,et!een -.. and -..,... 'or more(

#og N is ,et!een /0/ and -/0/

Hash ta,#es are an a,stract data t+pe


designed or O(1) )ind and *nserts
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)e!er )unctions )aster

compare #ists and stac$s

,+ reducing the #e1i,i#it+ o !hat !e are a##o!ed to do,


!e can increase the perormance o the remaining
operations

insert'2,3( into a #ist "ersus push'S,3( onto a stac$

compare trees and hash ta,#es

trees pro"ide or $no!n ordering o a## e#ements

hash ta,#es 4ust #et +ou '5uic$#+( ind an e#ement


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2imited Set o Hash
&perations

)or man+ app#ications, a #imited set o


operations is a## that is needed

*nsert, )ind, and De#ete

Note that no ordering o e#ements is imp#ied

)or e1amp#e, a compi#er needs to maintain


inormation a,out the s+m,o#s in a program

user deined

#anguage $e+!ords
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Direct 6ddress Ta,#es

Direct addressing using an arra+ is "er+ ast

6ssume

$e+s are integers in the set %78.,-,9m:-;

m is sma##

no t!o e#ements ha"e the same $e+

Then 4ust store each e#ement at the arra+


#ocation arra+<$e+=

search, insert, and de#ete are tri"ia#


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Direct 6ccess Ta,#e
U
!ni"erse o# $e%s&
'
Act!a( $e%s&
2
5
)
3
1
9
4
0
7
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
)
9
2
5
)
3
data key
table
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Direct 6ddress
*mp#ementation
Delete(Table T, ElementType x)
T[key[x]] = NULL //key[x] is an
//integer
Insert(Table t, ElementType x)
T[key[x]] = x
Fin(Table t, !ey k)
ret"rn T[k]
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6n *ssue

* most $e+s in % are used

direct addressing can !or$ "er+ !e## 'm sma##(

The #argest possi,#e $e+ in % , sa+ m, ma+ ,e


much #arger than the num,er o e#ements
actua##+ stored '>%> much greater than >?>(

the ta,#e is "er+ sparse and !astes space

in !orst case, ta,#e too #arge to ha"e in memor+

* most $e+s in % are not used

need to map % to a sma##er set c#oser in si@e to ?


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Aapping the ?e+s
U
2
5
)
3
1
9
4
0
7
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
)
9
254
data key
table 254
54724
)1
3456
103673
92)104
432
0
72345
52
'
Hash )unction
3456
54724
)1
?e+ %ni"erse
Ta,#e
indices
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Hashing Schemes

Be !ant to store N items in a ta,#e o


si@e A, at a #ocation computed rom the
$e+ ? '!hich ma+ not ,e numericC(

Hash unction

Aethod or computing ta,#e inde1 rom $e+

Need o a co##ision reso#ution strateg+

Ho! to hand#e t!o $e+s that hash to the


same inde1
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D)indE an E#ement in an 6rra+

Data records can ,e stored in arra+s0

6<.= 7 8DCHEA --.E, Si@e 8F;

6<3= 7 8DCSE -GHE, Si@e HI-;

6<-7= 7 8DCSE 373E, Si@e 8I;

C#ass si@e or CSE 373J

2inear search the arra+ K &'N( !orst case


time

Linar+ search : &'#og N( !orst case


?e+ e#ement
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Go Direct#+ to the E#ement

Bhat i !e cou#d direct#+ inde1 into the


arra+ using the $e+J

6<DCSE 373E= 7 8Si@e 8I;

Aain idea ,ehind hash ta,#es

%se a $e+ ,ased on some aspect o the


data to inde1 direct#+ into an arra+

&'-( time to access records


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*nde1ing into Hash Ta,#e

Need a ast hash function to con"ert the e#ement


$e+ 'string or num,er( to an integer 'the hash
value( 'i0e, map rom % to inde1(

Then use this "a#ue to inde1 into an arra+

Hash'DCSE 373E( 7 -I7, Hash'DCSE -G3E( 7 -.-

&utput o the hash unction

must a#!a+s ,e #ess than si@e o arra+

shou#d ,e as e"en#+ distri,uted as possi,#e


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Choosing the Hash )unction

Bhat properties do !e !ant rom a


hash unctionJ

Bant uni"erse o hash "a#ues to ,e


distri,uted random#+ to minimi@e co##isions

DonMt !ant s+stematic nonrandom pattern


in se#ection o $e+s to #ead to s+stematic
co##isions

Bant hash "a#ue to depend on a## "a#ues in


entire $e+ and their positions
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The ?e+ Na#ues are *mportant

Notice that one issue !ith a## the hash


unctions is that the actua# content o the
$e+ set matters

The e#ements in ? 'the $e+s that are


used( are 5uite possi,#+ a restricted
su,set o %, not 4ust a random co##ection

"aria,#e names, !ords in the Eng#ish


#anguage, reser"ed $e+!ords, te#ephone
num,ers, etc, etc
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Simp#e Hashes

*tOs possi,#e to ha"e "er+ simp#e hash


unctions i +ou are certain o +our $e+s

)or e1amp#e,

suppose !e $no! that the $e+s s !i## ,e rea#


num,ers uniorm#+ distri,uted o"er . s P -

Then a "er+ ast, "er+ good hash unction is


hash's( 7 #oor'sm(
!here m is the si@e o the ta,#e
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E1amp#e o a Ner+ Simp#e
Aapping

hash's( 7 #oor'sm( maps rom . s P - to .00m:-

m 7 -.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
s
floor(s*m)
*ote the e"en distri+!tion, -here are co((isions. +!t /e /i(( dea( /ith the0 (ater,
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Qerect Hashing

*n some cases itOs possi,#e to map a $no!n set


o $e+s uni5ue#+ to a set o inde1 "a#ues

Rou must $no! e"er+ sing#e $e+ ,eorehand


and ,e a,#e to deri"e a unction that !or$s
one-to-one
120 331 912 74 665 47 888 219
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
s
hash(s)
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Aod Hash )unction

&ne so#ution or a #ess constrained $e+ set

modu#ar arithmetic

a m# sie

remainder !hen SaS is di"ided ,+ Ssi@eS

in C or Ta"a this is !ritten as r = a $ si%e&

* Ta,#eSi@e 7 HI-
G.8 mod HI- 7 -I7
3IH mod HI- 7 -.-
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Aodu#o Aapping

a mod m maps rom integers to .00m:-

one to oneJ no

ontoJ +es
!4 !3 !2 !1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
"
" mod 4
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Hashing *ntegers

* $e+s are integers, !e can use the hash


unctionU

Hash'$e+( 7 $e+ mod Ta,#eSi@e

Qro,#em -U Bhat i Ta,#eSi@e is -- and a##


$e+s are H repeated digitsJ 'eg, HH, 33, 9(

a## $e+s map to the same inde1

Need to pic$ Ta,#eSi@e careu##+U oten, a prime


num,er
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Nonnumerica# ?e+s

Aan+ hash unctions assume that the uni"erse o


$e+s is the natura# num,ers N78.,-,9;

Need to ind a unction to con"ert the actua# $e+


to a natura# num,er 5uic$#+ and eecti"e#+ ,eore
or during the hash ca#cu#ation

Genera##+ !or$ !ith the 6SC** character codes


!hen con"erting strings to num,ers
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* $e+s are strings can get an integer ,+ adding up


6SC** "a#ues o characters in key
Be are con"erting a "er+ #arge string c
.
c
-
c
H
9

c
n
to
a re#ati"e#+ sma## num,er c
.
Vc
-
Vc
H
V9Vc
n
mod si@e0
Characters to *ntegers
67 83 69 32 51 55
# $ % 3 7
ASC11 "a(!e
character
51 0
3 &0'
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Hash Aust ,e &nto Ta,#e

Qro,#em HU Bhat i TableSize is -.,...


and a## $e+s are 8 or #ess characters
#ongJ

chars ha"e "a#ues ,et!een . and -H7

?e+s !i## hash on#+ to positions . through


8W-H7 7 -.-/

Need to distri,ute $e+s o"er the entire


ta,#e or the e1tra space is !asted
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Qro,#ems !ith 6dding
Characters

Qro,#ems !ith adding up character


"a#ues or string $e+s

* string $e+s are short, !i## not hash


e"en#+ to a## o the hash ta,#e

Dierent character com,inations hash to


same "a#ue

Da,cE, D,caE, and Dca,E a## add up to the same


"a#ue 'reca## this !as Qro,#em -(
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Characters as *ntegers

6 character string can ,e thought o as


a ,ase HI/ num,er0 The string c
-
c
H
9c
n

can ,e thought o as the num,er
c
n
V HI/c
n:-
V HI/
H
c
n:H
V 9 V HI/
n:-
c
-


%se HornerMs Ru#e to HashC 'see E10 H0-G(
r( 0)
for i ( 1 to * do
r +( (,-i. / 256*r) mod 0able$ie
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Co##isions

6 co##ision occurs !hen t!o dierent


$e+s hash to the same "a#ue

E0g0 )or TableSize 7 -7, the $e+s -8 and


3I hash to the same "a#ue or the mod-7
hash unction

-8 mod -7 7 - and 3I mod -7 7 -

Cannot store ,oth data records in the


same s#ot in arra+C
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Co##ision Reso#ution

Separate Chaining

%se data structure 'such as a #in$ed #ist( to


store mu#tip#e items that hash to the same
s#ot

&pen addressing 'or pro,ing(

search or empt+ s#ots using a second


unction and store item in irst empt+ s#ot
that is ound
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Reso#ution ,+ Chaining

Each hash ta,#e ce## ho#ds


pointer to #in$ed #ist o records
!ith same hash "a#ue

Co##isionU *nsert item into #in$ed


#ist

To )ind an itemU compute hash


"a#ue, then do )ind on #in$ed
#ist

Note that there are potentia##+


as man+ as Ta,#eSi@e #ists
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b12
1r2
ho33i
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Bh+ 2istsJ

Can use 2ist 6DT or )indX*nsertXDe#ete in


#in$ed #ist

&'N( runtime !here N is the num,er o e#ements


in the particu#ar chain

Can a#so use Linar+ Search Trees

&'#og N( time instead o &'N(

Lut the num,er o e#ements to search through


shou#d ,e sma## 'other!ise the hashing unction is
,ad or the ta,#e is too sma##(

genera##+ not !orth the o"erhead o LSTs


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2oad )actor o a Hash Ta,#e

2et N 7 num,er o items to ,e stored

2oad actor 7 NXTa,#eSi@e

Ta,#eSi@e 7 -.- and N 7I.I, then 7 I

Ta,#eSi@e 7 -.- and N 7 -., then 7 .0-

6"erage #ength o chained #ist 7 and so


a"erage time or accessing an item 7
&'-( V &'(

Bant to ,e sma##er than - ,ut c#ose to - i good


hashing unction 'i0e0 Ta,#eSi@e N(

Bith chaining hashing continues to !or$ or Y -


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Reso#ution ,+ &pen 6ddressing

No #in$s, a## $e+s are in the ta,#e

reduced o"erhead sa"es space

Bhen searching or ', chec$ #ocations


(
)
('), (
*
('), (
+
('), , unti# either
4
' is oundZ or

!e ind an empt+ #ocation '' not present(

Narious #a"ors o open addressing


dier in !hich pro,e se5uence the+ use
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Ce## )u##J ?eep 2oo$ing0

(
i
(')=(-as((').F(i)) m# Table/i%e

Deine )'.( 7 .

) is the co##ision reso#ution unction0


Some possi,i#itiesU

2inearU )'i( 7 i

[uadraticU )'i( 7 i
H

Dou,#e HashingU )'i( 7 i\Hash
H
'3(
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2inear Qro,ing

Bhen searching or !, chec$ #ocations ((!),


((!).), ((!).*, , mod Ta,#eSi@e unti#
either
4
! is oundZ or

!e ind an empt+ #ocation '! not present(

* ta,#e is "er+ sparse, a#most #i$e separate


chaining0

Bhen ta,#e starts i##ing, !e get c#ustering ,ut


sti## constant a"erage search time0

)u## ta,#e ininite #oop0


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Qrimar+ C#ustering Qro,#em

&nce a ,#oc$ o a e! contiguous occupied


positions emerges in ta,#e, it ,ecomes a
DtargetE or su,se5uent co##isions

6s c#usters gro!, the+ a#so merge to orm


#arger c#usters0

Qrimar+ c#usteringU e#ements that hash to


dierent ce##s pro,e same a#ternati"e ce##s
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[uadratic Qro,ing

Bhen searching or ', chec$ #ocations


(
)
('), (
)
('). )
*
, (
)
(').*
*
,, m#
Table/i%e unti# either
4
' is oundZ or

!e ind an empt+ #ocation '' not present(

No primar+ c#ustering ,ut secondar+


c#ustering possi,#e
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Dou,#e Hashing

Bhen searching or ', chec$ #ocations (


)
('),
(
)
('). (
*
('),(
)
(').*0(
*
('),, m# Tablesi%e
unti# either
4
' is oundZ or

!e ind an empt+ #ocation '' not present(

Aust ,e careu# a,out (


*
(')

Not . and not a di"isor o 1


eg, (
)
(k) = k m# m
)
, (
*
(k)=).(k m# m
*
)
!here m
*
is s#ight#+ #ess than m
)
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Ru#es o Thum,

Separate chaining is simp#e ,ut !astes


space9

2inear pro,ing uses space ,etter, is ast


!hen ta,#es are sparse

Dou,#e hashing is space eicient, ast


'get initia# hash and increment at the
same time(, needs careu# imp#ementation
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Rehashing K Re,ui#d the Ta,#e

Need to use #a@+ de#etion i !e use pro,ing


'!h+J(

Need to mar$ arra+ s#ots as de#eted ater De#ete

conse5uent#+, de#eting doesnMt ma$e the ta,#e an+


#ess u## than it !as ,eore the de#ete

* ta,#e gets too u## ' -( or i man+


de#etions ha"e occurred, running time gets
too #ong and *nserts ma+ ai#
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Rehashing

Lui#d a ,igger hash ta,#e o appro1imate#+ t!ice the si@e


!hen e1ceeds a particu#ar "a#ue

Go through o#d hash ta,#e, ignoring items mar$ed


de#eted

Recompute hash "a#ue or each non:de#eted $e+ and


put the item in ne! position in ne! ta,#e

Cannot 4ust cop+ data rom o#d ta,#e ,ecause the


,igger ta,#e has a ne! hash unction

Running time is &'N( ,ut happens "er+ inre5uent#+


Not good or rea#:time saet+ critica# app#ications
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Rehashing E1amp#e
&pen hashing K h
-
'1( 7 1 mod I rehashes to h
H
'1( 7
1 mod --0
. - H 3 G
HI 37 83
IH F8
7 -
. - H 3 G I / 7 8 F -.
HI 37 83 IH F8
7 IX--
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Ca"eats

Hash unctions are "er+ oten the cause


o perormance ,ugs0

Hash unctions oten ma$e the code not


porta,#e0

* a particu#ar hash unction ,eha"es


,ad#+ on +our data, then pic$ another0

6#!a+s chec$ !here the time goes

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