SEDIMENTARY BASIN

Places where large-scale sedimentation takes place are called sedimentary

basins.

The amount of sediment that can be deposited in a basin depends on the
depth of the basin, the so called accommodation space.

Depth, shape and size of a basin depend on tectonics, movements within the
Earth's lithosphere.

Where the lithosphere moves upward (tectonic uplift), land eventually rises
above sea level, so that and erosion removes material, and the area becomes
a source for new sediment.

Where the lithosphere moves downward (tectonic subsidence), a basin
forms and sedimentation can take place. When the lithosphere keeps
subsiding, new accommodation space keeps being created.
Sedimentary Facies
Depositional environments in ancient
sediments are recognised using a
combination of sedimentary facies,
facies associations, sedimentary
structures and fossils, particularly
trace fossil assemblages, as they
indicate the environment in which
they lived.
The setting in which a sedimentary rock forms is called the sedimentary
environment. Every environment has a characteristic combination of
geologic processes and circumstances. The type of sediment that is
deposited is not only dependent on the sediment that is transported to a
place, but also on the environment itself.
Sedimentary environments usually
exist alongside each other in certain
natural successions.
Every sedimentary environment
has its own characteristic
deposits. The typical rock formed
in a certain environment is called
its sedimentary facies. When
sedimentary strata accumulate
through time, the environment
can shift, forming a change in
facies in the subsurface at one
location. On the other hand, when
a rock layer with a certain age is
followed laterally, the lithology
(the type of rock) and facies
eventually change.
[34]

Facies can be distinguished in a number of ways: the most common ways are
by the lithology (for example: limestone, siltstone or sandstone) or by fossil
content. Coral for example only lives in warm and shallow marine
environments and fossils of coral are thus typical for shallow marine facies.
Facies determined by lithology are called lithofacies; facies determined by
fossils are biofacies.
[35]

Sedimentary environments can shift their geographical
positions through time.

Coastlines can shift in the direction of the sea when the
sea level drops, when the surface rises due to tectonic
forces in the Earth's crust or when a river forms a large
delta. In the subsurface, such geographic shifts of
sedimentary environments of the past are recorded in
shifts in sedimentary facies.

This means that sedimentary facies can change either
parallel or perpendicular to an imaginary layer of rock
with a fixed age, a phenomenon described by Walther's
facies rule.
[36]

grain size, sorting, rounding
lithology
sedimentary structures
bedding type
Sedimentary Facies
Fasies adalah bagian batuan sedimen dengan
karakteristik khusus, terbentuk dalam suatu proses
sedimentasi di sebuah lingkungan pengendapan
tertentu.
Fasies Tekstur, komposisi dan struktur sedimen
yang dihasilkan dari akumulasi dan modifikasi dalam
ligkungan tertentu.

The sedimentary environment is the specific depositional setting of a
particular sedimentary rock and is unique in terms of physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics.

The physical features of a sedimentary environment include water depth
and the velocity and persistence of currents.
Chemical characteristics of an environment include the salinity (proportion
of dissolved salts), acidity or basicity (pH), oxidation potential (Eh),
pressure, and temperature.
The biological characteristics are mainly the assemblage of fauna and flora
that populate the setting.

These conditions, combined with the nature of the transporting agent and
the source area, largely determine the properties of ... (100 of 18499 words)
F A C I E S


Konsep - Fasies menunjuk sejumlah kerakter- unit sedimen,
yang umumnya berukuran kecil ( skala cm m).
Litologi, ukuran butir, struktur sedimen,
warna, komposisi, kandungan biogenik.

Lithofacies (physical dan chemical characteristics.
Biofacies (macrofossil content).
Ichnofacies (trace fossils)


Fasies Sedimentasi.
Endapan sedimen yang mempunyai ciriciri perbedaan yang sangat nyata , baik fisik, kimia atau
pun biologi.
Endapan berbutir kasar dari sebuah sedimen berbutir halus yang diendapkan dalam air yang
lebih tenang.
Fasies biasanya lebih mudah dikenali dari ukuran butir.
A= Sandstone facies (beachenvironment)
B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)
F A C I E S
Dalam skala besar,
terlihat adanya suatu
kombinasi, mencakup
waktu dan ruang,
membangun suatu
susunan unsur unsur
arsitektural sebuah
lingkungan pengendapan
tertentu. (contoh : lateral-
acrcretion deposits,
terbentuk dari sebuah
unsur arsitektural dalam
lingkungan sungai
bermeander).
F A C I E S
PEMBENTUKAN FASIES SEDIMEN
F A C I E S
Penampang stratigrafi vertikal biasanya akan dibagi bagi menjadi beberapa seri
yang berbeda, dengan tebal dan karakteristik masing2 . Aspek perbedan dari setiap
pengukuran ini dinyatakan sebagai fasies.

Fasies mempunyai kecendrungan menjadi beberapa susunan, dimana setiap
susunan memperlihatkan adanya suatu perubahan perkembangan yang
mengarah keatas.
Transgressive sequence
Deeper water facies
overlie shallow water
facies. A deepening
upward" sequence.
Regressive sequence
Shallow water facies
overlie deeper water
facies. A shallowing
upward" sequence.
Landward Migration of Shoreline = Regression
(regression can either form due to 1) lower sea level or 2) shoreline building basinward [a.k.a. progradation])
Walther's Law of Facies.
Hukum Fasies Walters (Dinamai
pada Johannes Walther), bahwa
fasies urutan vertikal menyatakan
perubahan lingkungan secara lateral.
Ini menunjukan bahwa bila
lingkungan pengendapana bergerak
secara lateral, sedimen dari sebuah
lingkungan akan terletak diatas satu
terhadap lainnya.
F A C I E S
Transgresi Laut (kenaikan muka laut) memperlihatkan
pergeseran Fasies kearah Darat dan sebaliknya akibat
regresi.
Lapisan debu vulkanik (bentonites) membentuk time marker yang
baik dan memungkinkan untuk dapat mengkorelasi antar fasies .
Kenampakan perbedaan kecepatan evolusi dan perubahan dalam
lingkungan (disebabkan karena transgresi)
Brachiopoda berkembang lambat dan tetap tinggal dalam atau diatas
Fasies Pasir. Sementara cephalopoda berkembang cepat dan memang
mereka binatang perenang. Keduanya berubah dan tersebar luas
sehingga merupakan indeks fosil yang sangat baik
TRANSGRESSION = SEA LEVEL RISE
REGRESSION = SEA LEVEL DROP

Turun-naik muka laut dapat diakibatkan oleh :
Perubahan ukuran es penutup kutub, karena perubahan iklim.

Cairnya es penutup mengakibatkan muka air laut naik (transgresi )
sudah dihitung bahwa bila es di Antartic mencair akan mengakibatkan
muka air laut naik 60 70 meter (200 feet).

Pertumbuhan es penutup kutub dapat mengakibatkan penurunan muka air
laut (regresi) perhitungan menunjukan bahwa muka air laut pada masa
Jaman Es Terkahir, 100 meter (300 feet) lebih rendah dari pada muka air laut
sekarang. Sebagian besar dari Paparan Benua pada saat itu kering dan
tersingkap.

Kecepatan pemekaran dasar samudara.... Pada masa permekaran lantai
samudra dan kegiatan gunung berapi bawah laut, sistim punggung samudra
tumbuh karena adanya lava baru yang menggantikan air laut menuju kearah
pinggiran benua (transgresi).

Kecepatan peneggelaman atau daratan naik pada the 8000 - 10,000
tahun yang lalu sejak cairnya lapisan es terkahir di Amerika Utara, sebagain
Kanada terangkat karena kenaikan isostatis sampai 300 meter.
Characteristics of Sedimentary Facies
Alluvial fans
coarsening-upward with few small-scale sedimentary structures
boulders often not well rounded (short transport distance)
poorly sorted with abundant rock debris (also short transport)
little soil and few fossils
red sediment owing to oxidation of iron by the air (typical for non-marine sediments)
lap up against mountain bedrock.

Stream deposits
sandstones with conglomerate in channels
cross bedding common
sands often pink with Fe-oxides, can be well sorted
interbedded with siltstone and claystone representing overbank deposits or pond-
fillings
soils may be present, particularly in fine-grained overbank or marsh deposits
fossils in overbank deposits or at the bases of channels
may have coal
both fining-upward and coarsening-upward sequences due to stream channel
migration
Sand dunes
well sorted sandstones
large scale cross bedding (1 m or more high)
discontinuous soils in blowouts,
tracks and trails in low areas between dunes

Shoreline deposits
fine-grained clay and mud rich in organic matter and root marks (back beach
marsh)
marsh sediments also have abundant fossils of brackish-water oysters and
snails (low diversity), wood common, sometimes mud cracks
channels filled with sand or silt,--red or pink if in freshwater, yellow or green
in salt water
beach is well sorted sand, few fossils, planar lamination
Foreshore (Plunge zone in breakers): gravelly to coarse sand, cross-bedding
and few burrows, yellow sand
7. offshore sandssandstone and siltstone, burrowed, high fossil
diversity, cross-bedded or massive beds depending upon water depth,

Reef systems
nearshore settings may be sandy (like the beaches above) or may consist of
"lime mud"
lagoonal lime mud with few types of fossils, lamninated beds, mud cracks,
stromatolites, often gray or black with Fe-pyrite., sometimes chert
reef composed of massive limestone with diverse fossils, no stratification
commonly with lots of pore space, even caverns where carbonates have been
dissolved away
fore reefblocks of reef limestone in lime mud, massive layers, contorted
bedding associated with slides or slumps
Offshorefine grained lime mud with abundant fossils, massive bedding
(often highly burrowed), sometimes chert
Graded Bedding = Vertical Decrease of
Sediment Size
Turbidity Current =
PROCESS
Turbidite = RESPONSE
Deep Sea
fine grained carbonate/siliceous limestone or red clay
massive bedding with abundant burrows
few large fossils, but microfossils may be abundant
chert nodules common
gradual upward gradation from biogenic sediments to red clay
Tectonic Settings
Putting it all together

Mid Ocean Ridges
Typical sequence:
pillow basalts (perhaps mixed with some calcareous sediment)
umbers (metal-rich sediments blown out of black smokers and
hydrothermal vents)
deep sea carbonates
siliceous sediment or chert
red clay with mn-nodules
Reflects the gradual subsidence of the originally hot, buoyant ocean crust
into deeper water where carbonates are dissolved


Ocean-Continent
Volcanoclastics, lithic sandstone and greywacke in trench,
accretionary wedge and fore-arc basins
accretionary wedge may have other sediments scraped off the
subducting platedeep sea limestone, chert
have reef limestones interbedded with volcaniclastics.

Continent-Continent
upward transition from deep marine sedimentary rocks (turbidites)
to volcanic arc sediments to granitic/metamorphic-derived sediments
as the collision zone is uplifted and successively deeper rocks are
eroded
thick continental sedimentsalluvial fans, stream deposits
Continental interiors can have limestone, shale and coal reflecting
flooding and re-emergence from "epicontinental seas

Passive margins
sequence from continental sediments and salt (initial rifting)
to reef carbonates and shallow marine clastics (early rift phase)
to deep marine clastics and hemipelagic sediments (late stage of rift
and passive margins

. TAMAT. SEMENTARA
Sedimentology and Facies Characteristics of Sandstones
The term facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The
characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment. Every
depositional environment puts its own distinctive imprint on the sediment, resulting in
an almost unique facies. Thus, a facies is a distinct kind of rock for that area or
environment. Each depositional environment grades laterally into other environments.
We call this facies change when dealing with the sedimentary rock record.
Sedimentary facies is defined as a unit of rock that is distinguished by its
individual sedimentological character. Its individuality is a combination of all or some
of
the following characteristics such as sedimentary structures, fossil content, lithology,
geometry and paleocurrent pattern (Reineck & Singh, 1980; Tucker, 1981; Selley,
2000). Sedimentary facies reflects the physical, chemical and biological conditions
and
processes of the depositional environment.
Setiap lingkungan berkembang secara lateral kearah lingkungan lain; disebut
sebagai perubahan fasies .(bila ini mengenai batuan.)
Istilah fasies juga menyangkut semua karakteristik dari unit batuan tertentu.
Karateristik sebuah unit batuan yang berasal dari suatu lingkungan pegendapan.
A=Sandstone facies (beachenvironment)
B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)
Conglomerate
&
sandstone
Channel
sandstoen
Clean sandstone
shale
coal
limestone
Alluvial
fan
Limestone
rivers lagoon
Barrier
beach Shallow
marine
Swamp F A C I E
S
Fasies adalah sebuah unit batuan sedimen dengan karakteristik
khusus, terbentuk dalam suatu proses sedimentasi di sebuah
lingkungan pengendapan tertentu.

Konsep - Fasies menunjuk pada sejumlah kerakter- unit
sedimen, yang umumnya berukuran kecil ( skala cm m).
Litologi, ukuran butir, struktur sedimen,
warna, komposisi, kandungan biogenik.

Lithofacies (physical dan chemical characteristics.
Biofacies (macrofossil content).
Ichnofacies (trace fossils)


F A C I E S
Sedimentology and Facies Characteristics of Sandstones
The term facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The
characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment. Every
depositional environment puts its own distinctive imprint on the sediment, resulting in
an almost unique facies. Thus, a facies is a distinct kind of rock for that area or
environment.
Each depositional environment grades laterally into other environments. We call this
facies change when dealing with the sedimentary rock record.

Sedimentary facies is defined as a unit of rock that is distinguished by its
individual sedimentological character. Its individuality is a combination of all or some of
the following characteristics such as sedimentary structures, fossil content, lithology,
geometry and paleocurrent pattern (Reineck & Singh, 1980; Tucker, 1981; Selley, 2000).
Sedimentary facies reflects the physical, chemical and biological conditions and
processes of the depositional environment.
Istilah fasies menunjuk kepada semua karakter batuan tertentu.
Karakteristik unit batuan tersebut dibentuk dalam sebuah lingkungan pengendapan dan setiap
lingkungan pengendapan akan meninggalkan jejak pada batuan sedimen yang terbentuk
didalamnya, menghasilkan fasies yang unik.
Setiap lingkungan pengendapan berubah secara lateral kearah lingkungan yang lain ; disebut
sebagai perubahan fasies b( bila terkait dengan mengamatan batuan sedimen.).

Fasies Sedimen dinyatakan sebagai sebuah unit batuan yang dikenali dari individu karakter
sedimen.
FASIESDEFINISI DAN
KETERKAITAN.
Fasies sedimen : Batuan secara
keseluruhan (tipe batuan)
mencerminkan lingkungan
pengendapan.
contoh : Fasies Batupasir;
Fasies batulempung,
Fasies batugamping
dan
Fasies garam (salt).
Aturan Umum:
menjelaskan lingkungan
pengendapan + fasies.

Catatan:
dalam fasies batuan ubahan
juga
menggunakan konsep yang
sama.
F A C I E
S

Istilah sedimentary Facies diterapkan pada batuansedimen dengan dasar
interpretasi diskriptip ataupun interpretasi karakteristik .

Fasies diskriptip didasarkan pada ciri2 litologi seperti komposisi, ukruan
besar butir, ciri perlapisan dan struktur..litofasies..,atau . biofacies
(fossil) component (biofacies), .atau keduanya.

Individual Lithofacies atau biofasies perlapisan tunggal dengan ketebalan
milimeter atau sesusun lapisan dengan tebal puluhan sampai ratusan meter.

Sebagai contoh, sebuah endapan sungai dapat terdiri dari conglomerate
lithofcies interbed (lapisan berulang konglomerat ) dengan ketebalan
desimeter.
Atau ( pengisian Paleozoic basin) dapat dibagi menjadi unit2 dg ketebalan
beberapa meter shelly Facies, yang mengandung fossil brachiopoda dan
trilobits, dan graptolic facies.
Terminolgi fasies juga dapat dipakai dalam pengertian
interpretasi untuk sekumpulan batuan yang diduga telah
terbentuk pada kondisi yang sama. Pemakaian ini menunjukan
proses pengendapan yang spesifik, seperti, turbidite facies,
atau sebuah lingkungan pengendapan tertentu seperti fasies
karbonat paparan (shelf carbonate facies, mencangkup sebuah
kisaran proses pengendapan.

Sekumpulan Fasies (biasanya lithofacies) yang umum
diketemukan bersamaan dalam catatan sedimentasi diketahui
sebagai Kumpulan Fasies (facise assemblages) atau
association Facies. Pengelompokan ini dimaksudkan untuk
pembatasan yang lebih luas, interpretative Facies, untuk
tujuan paleogeographic reconstruction.
Walther's Law of Facies.
Hukum Fasies Walters (Dinamai pada Johannes Walther), bahwa fasies urutan
vertikal menyatakan perubahan lingkungan secara lateral. Ini menunjukan
bahwa bila lingkungan pengendapana bergerak secara lateral, sedimen dari
sebuah lingkungan akan terletak diatas satu terhadap lainnya.

Contoh klasik dari hukum ini adalah urutan stratigrafi secara vertikal hasil
transgresi dan regresi laut. Tetapi, hukum ini tidak dapat dipakai dimana
kontak antara batuan berbeda, non-conformable ( i.e proses sedimentasi tidak
menerus), atau perubahan lingkungan secara mendadak dimana non-adjacent
environtment mengganti satu terhadap lainnya.




Facies and depositional environments
Urutan Fasies /Facies succesions (Facies sequences) Adalah
sekumpulan fasies dengan perubahan teratur kearah atas.

Asosiasi Fasies rangkuman beberapa fasies yang membentuk sebuah
kombinasi, yang spesifik mewakili sebuah lingkungan pengendapan (
catatan: sangat sedikit sebuah fasies saja dikenali sebagai satu
kejadian (seting) saja.

Hukum Walther (1894) Menyatakan bahwa bila dua buah fasies
berbeda ditemukan bertumpuk satu terhadap lain dan tidak
dipisahkan oleh sebuah ketidak selarasan, berarti telah terendapakan
berurutan ditempat yang sama pada waktu berbarengan.

Analisa Fasies adalah interpretasi perlapisan dengan pengertian
lingkungan pengendapan (atau sistim pengendapan), umumnya
berdasarkan pada sebuah pengamatan yang luas.




Transgresi , kenaikan permukaan laut relatip terhadap daratan, menghasilkan offshore
Facies diendapkan diatas nearshore facies.

Regresi, turunnya permukaan air laut relatip terhadap daratan, menhasilkan nearshore
facies diendapkan diatas offshore afcies.
Nearshore
high-energy
environment
Offshore
low-energy
environments
Sand facies
Mud facies
Fasies Sedimentasi.
Endapan sedimen yang mempunyai ciriciri perbedaan yang sangat nyata , baik fisik, kimia
atau pun biologi.
Endapan berbutir kasar dari sebuah sedimen berbutir halus yang diendapkan dalam air
yang lebih tenang.
Fasies biasanya lebih mudah dikenali dari ukuran butir.
A=Sandstone facies (beachenvironment)
B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)

Carbonate facies
Transport of
sediment to
shoreline
Nearshore
high-energy
environment
Offshore
low-energy
environments
Sand facies Mud facies
F A C I E S
sedimentary depositional environment describes the
combination of physical, chemical and biological processes
associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment.

therefore, the rock types that will be formed after lithification,
if the sediment is preserved in the rock record.
A sedimentary facies is a group of characteristics which reflect
a sedimentary environment different from those elsewhere in
the same deposit. Thus, facies may change vertically through a
sequence as a result of changing environments through time.
Also, facies may change laterally through a deposit as a result
of changing environments with distance at the same time.