Konsep Fasies: Stratigrafi - 7

KONSEP FASIES
STRATIGRAFI - 7
FACIES – DEFINITION & RELATIONSHIPS
Sedimentary Facies
Overall lithology (rock-type) reflecting or
diagnostic of depositional environment
Examples:
◦ Sandstone facies
◦ Mud facies
◦ Carbonate facies
◦ Salt facies
Note: metamorphic petrologists use facies

concept in a similar fashion, e.g. kyanite facies.
The concept of Sedimentary Facies
The term ‘facies’ is widely used in geology, particularly in the study of
sedimentology in which sedimentary facies refers to the sum of the
characteristics of a sedimentary unit.
Every depositional environment puts its own distinctive imprint on the

sediment, making a particular facies. Thus, a facies is a distinct kind of rock
for that area or environment
These characteristics include the dimensions, sedimentary structures, grain

sizes and types, colour and biogenic content of the sedimentary rock.
An example would be ‘cross-bedded medium sandstone’: this would be a rock consisting mainly of sand grains of medium grade, exhibiting
cross-bedding as the primary sedimentary structure.
B A
C
A= Sandstone facies (beach environment)

B= Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C= Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)
Each depositional environment grades laterally into other environments. We call this facies change when
dealing with the rock record.
Transgressions and Regressions
Fluctuations in sea level are caused by things such as:
1. Changes in the size of the polar ice caps, due to climatic changes
2. Rate of sea floor spreading - during times of rapid sea floor spreading and
submarine volcanism, the ocean ridge system is enlarged by the addition of
lava, displacing water onto the edges of the continents (transgression).
3. Localized subsidence or uplift of the land - In the 8000 - 10,000 years since
the melting of the last glacial ice sheet over North America, parts of Canada
have risen due to isostatic uplift by up to 300 meters.
If the facies description is confined
to the physical and chemical
characteristics of a rock this is
referred to as the lithofacies
In cases where the observations

concentrate on the fauna and flora
present, this is termed as biofacies.
A study that focuses on the trace

fossils in the rock would be a
description of the ichnofacies




Depositional Environment and Sedimentary Facies
Facies Analysis
The facies concept is not just a convenient means of describing rocks and grouping sedimentary
rocks seen in the field, it also forms the basis for facies analysis.
By interpreting the sediment in terms of the physical, chemical and ecological conditions at the time
of deposition it becomes possible to reconstruct palaeoenvironments, i.e. environments of the past.
So, from the presence of symmetrical ripple structures in a fine sandstone it can be deduced that
the bed was formed under shallow water with wind over the surface of the water creating waves
that stirred the sand to form symmetrical wave ripples.
The ‘shallow water’ interpretation is made because wave ripples do not form in deep water but the
presence of ripples alone does not indicate whether the water was in a lake, lagoon or shallow-
marine shelf environment.
The facies should therefore be referred to as ‘symmetrically rippled sandstone’ or perhaps ‘wave
rippled sandstone’, but not ‘lacustrine sandstone’ because further information is required before
that interpretation can be made.
Facies Association
Facies Association: A group of sedimentary facies that are used to define particular sedimentary environment.
For example: all the facies found in a fluviatile environment may be grouped together to define a fluvial facies association.
Stratigraphic Logs
The stratigraphic logs is used for geological
data reporting from site observation
(boreholes, wells, and more). It provides a
comprehensive database of pre-defined
templates and the ability to create user-
defined templates and data reports.
Sketch log from in the field note
Stratigraphic column
Symbols and abbreviations used in the stratigraphic
logs/columns
TUGAS
• MEMBUAT LOG DAN KOLOM STRATIGRAFI DARI DATA LAPANGAN YANG MEMUAT UNSUR
KETEBALAN, SIMBOL LITOLOGI, UKURAN BUTIR, STRUKTUR SEDIMEN, DLL.
• DIKERJAKAN DENGAN TULISAN TANGAN.
• SKALA BEBAS, DIUSAHAKAN CUKUP SATU HALAMAN KERTAS A4.
• WAJIB MENAMPILKAN KETERANGAN SIMBOL DAN WARNA, SERTA SKALA GRAFIS.

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KONSEP FASIES

Note: metamorphic petrologists use facies

Every depositional environment puts its own distinctive imprint on the

These characteristics include the dimensions, sedimentary structures, grain

A= Sandstone facies (beach environment)

In cases where the observations

A study that focuses on the trace

In cases where the observations

A study that focuses on the trace

In cases where the observations

A study that focuses on the trace

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