Teori Bruner

LEARNING THEORY
THEORY OF
BRUNER
PRESENTED BY
MOHD AMIRULALIF BIN MOHD HISHAM
GS 39355
MOHD MAIZON BIN WAHAM
GS 39355
Learning Outcome
At the end of lesson, student will be able to :
-Understand the congnitive development by Burner.
-Understand the concept of Constructivsm theory by
Bruner.
-Able to relate the theory with the teaching and
learning process in the classroom.
- Able to differentiate between Constructivist and
Tradisional Classroom.
Introduction of Theorist
Born October 1, 1915
Age 94
Born in New York, New York
Education
PhD, Harvard, 1941 (Psychology)
BA, Duke University, 1937
Affiliations
American Psychological Association
Law & Society Association
Society for Research in Child Development
Publications
The Culture of Education, 1996
Acts of Meaning, 1991
Actual Minds, Possible Worlds, 1987
The Process of Education, 1960
cognitive psychologist and educational
psychologist
Principles of J. Bruner Theory

Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and
contexts that make the student willing and able to learn
(readiness).
Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily
grasped by the student (spiral organization).
Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation
and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information
given).
Constructivist by J. Bruner Theory

Bruner's theoretical framework is based on the theme that
learning is an active process and learners construct new
ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge.

The theory basically based on observation and scientific study
about how people learn.
It say that people construct their own understanding and
knowledge of the world through experiencing things and
reflecting on those experiences.
Contd
It seem learning as a dynamic process in which learners
construct with new ideas or concepts on their current or past
knowledge and inresponce to the instructional situation.
He investigated motivation for learning. He felt that ideally,
interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning.
Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades

or class ranking.
Major concepts in Constructivist Theory

The major concepts in the theoretical framework of Bruner is
that learning is an active process in which learners construct
new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past
knowledge by 3 aspects:a) Representation
b) Spiral Curriculum
c) Discovery Learning
REPRESENTATION
Cont..
A. Representation
In representation, there has 3 element:-
Enactive (birth to age 3)

Iconic (age 3 to 8)
Symbolic (from age 8)
Cont...
REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Enactive Representation
The first stage is termed
"Enactive", when a person
learns about the world through
actions on physical objects and
the outcomes of these actions.
Children represent object
interms of their immediate
sensation of them.
Iconic Representation
The second stage was

called "Iconic" where learning
can be obtained through
using models and pictures.
Allows one to recognize
objects when they are
changed in minor ways.
REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION
Symbolic Representation
"Symbolic" in which the learner
develops the capacity to think in
abstract terms.
Uses symbol system to encode
knowledge. The learner has
developed the ability to think in
abstract terms.
Activities
By using of 3 elements in Representation, create

the suitable activity that help teacher to apply it
during teaching and learning process in the
classroom. You may present the task in Micro
Teaching Approach.
b) SPIRAL CURRICULUM
The spiral approach is a technique often used in
teaching where first the basic facts of a subject
are learned, without worrying about details.
Then as learning progresses, more and more
details are introduced, while at the same time
they are related to the basics which are
reemphasized many times to help enter them
into long-term memory.
SPIRAL CURRICULUM
After a mastery of the initial topic, the student
spirals upwards as the new knowledge is
introduced in next lessons, enabling him/her to
reinforce what is already learned. In the end, a
rich breadth and depth of knowledge is
achieved.
B) SPIRAL CURRICULUM
c)Discovery Learning?
Discovery learning is a powerful instructional
approach that guides and motivates learners to
explore information and concepts in order to
construct new ideas, identify new relationships, and
create new models of thinking and behavior.
Refers to obtaining knowledge for onelself.
Teacher planning the activities in such way, a
student search, manipulate, explore and investigate
the result.
17
cont...
4 aspects in Discovery Learning :
i. Pre Disposition to Learn
- He introduce the idea of readiness for learning.
Bruner believe that any subject could be taught at any
stage of development in a way that fits the children
cognitive abilites.
ii. Structure of knowledge
- Bruner emphasized the role of structure in
learning and how it maybe made centrl in
teaching.
- Structure is refers to relationships among factual
elements and techniques.
cont...
iii. Categorization
- As fundamental processin structuring of

knowledge. Details are better retained when placed
within the context of an ordered and structured
pattern.
- Bruner gave much attention to categorization of
information in the construction of internal cognitive
maps.
- He believed that perception, conceptualization,

learning, decision making and making inferens all
involved in categorization.
cont...
iv. Reinforcement
- Rewards and punishments should be selected
and paced appropriately. He felt ideally, interest in
the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning.
- As a teacher, come out with new idea which is
interact the students to involved in the subject
matter with something close to them.
Classroom Application / Recommendation

1) Teacher act as a facilitator or guider.
2) Think of classroom as a learning lab and organize

activities and lessons accordingly.
3) Encourage student-created question to develope
higher - order thinking.
4) Develope collaborativework group in which students
explore solutions as a team.
5) Provide hands-on activities and promote independent
research using readily available materials.
6) Integrate the free use of technology for study and
research.
cont...
Classroom Applications
Provide study materials, activities and tools.
Examples of all three to help children learn about dinosaurs
Construct a model of a dinosaur (enactive)

Watch a film about dinosaurs (iconic)
Consult reference texts and discuss findings (symbolic)
Technology in Classroom
Idealy for enactive stage.
Video montage for iconic mode.
Simulations to discover/develop their own approach for
symbolic mode
Educators equipment students with basic skills to access
information to increase their knowledge and desire to learn.
traditional vs constructivist classroom

Traditional Classroom
Student primarily work alone
Constructivist Classroom
Students primarily work in groups

Curriculum is presented whole to part
Curriculum is presented part to
with emphasis on the big concept
whole, with emphasis on basic skills Pursuit of student questions is highly
Strict adherence to a fixed curriculum
valued.
Curricular activities rely heavily on
Students are viewed as thinkers with
textbooks of data and manipulative
emerging theories about the world
materials
Teachers generally behave as
Students are viewed as "blank
facilitators
slates"
Teachers seek the student's point of
Teachers generally behave in a
view in order to understand student
didactic manner,
learning for use later on
Teachers seek the correct answers to Assessment of student learning is
validate student lessons.
interwoven with teaching and occurs
Assessment of student learning is
through teacher observation of
viewed as separate from teaching
students at work and through
and occurs almost entirely through
exhibitions and protfolios.
testing.
Conclusion
For Bruner (1961) the purpose of education is not
impart knowledge but instead to facilitate a child's
thinking and problem solving skills which can then be
tranferred to a range of situations. Specifically,
education should also develope symbolic thinking in
children.
Group's Task
1. Builds water transportation using Lego
with your own idea and creativity.
2. Make an origami refering to manual
given.
3. Do an experiment. Explain what and
why the situation happened.
References
Bruner, Jerome. Retrieved June 3, 2008. NYU Department of Psychology
Web site: http://www.psych.nyu.edu.
Flores, Nicole. Jerome Bruners educational theory. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
New Foundation Web site: http://www.newfoundations.com.
Hollyman, David. Retrieved June 3, 2008. Jerome Bruner a web overview.
http://au.geocities.com.
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm#
ixzz1cK1zDCYm
http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism.html
http://nicefun.net/learning-theory-of-gestaltvt2659.html#ixzz2ClBwhC00
http://www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/gestalt_theory.
.
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LEARNING THEORY

Principles of J. Bruner Theory

Constructivist by J. Bruner Theory

ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge.

Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades

Major concepts in Constructivist Theory

In representation, there has 3 element:-

Enactive (birth to age 3)

The second stage was

By using of 3 elements in Representation, create

- As fundamental processin structuring of

- He believed that perception, conceptualization,

Classroom Application / Recommendation

2) Think of classroom as a learning lab and organize

Examples of all three to help children learn about dinosaurs

Construct a model of a dinosaur (enactive)

traditional vs constructivist classroom

Students primarily work in groups

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