555 Timer

555 Timer
Digital Electronics
555 Timer
This presentation will
Introduce the 555 Timer.
Derive the characteristic equations for the charging and
discharging of a capacitor.
Present the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle

for a 555 Timer Oscillator.
Going Further.
Detail the operation of a 555 Timer Oscillator.
Derive the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle for
a 555 Timer Oscillator.
2
What is a 555 Timer?

The 555 timer is an 8-pin IC that is
capable of producing accurate time delays
and/or oscillators.
In the time delay mode, the delay is
controlled by one external resistor and
capacitor.
In the oscillator mode, the frequency of
oscillation and duty cycle are both
controlled with two external resistors and
one capacitor.
This presentation will discuss how to use
a 555 timer in the oscillator mode.
3
Capacitor
A capacitor is an electrical component that can
temporarily store a charge (voltage).
The rate that the capacitor charges/discharges is
a function of the capacitors value and its
resistance.
To understand how the capacitor is used in the
555 Timer oscillator circuit, you must understand
the basic charge and discharge cycles of the
capacitor.
4
Capacitor Charge Cycle
Capacitor is initially discharged.

Switch is moved to position A.
Capacitor will charge to +12 v.
Capacitor will charge through
the 2 K resistor.
Equation for Charging Capacitor
VC VFinal VInitial 1 - e
-t/RC
Initial
Where :
VC The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal The voltage across the capacitor that is fully charged
VInitial Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to charge
5
Capacitor Discharge Cycle
Capacitor is initially charged.

Switch is moved to position B.
Capacitor will discharge to +0 v.
Capacitor will discharge through
the 3 K resistor.
Equation for Discharging Capacitor
VC VInitial VFinal e-t/RC

Where :
VC The voltage across the capacitor
VFinal The voltage across the capacitor that is fully discharged

VInitial Any initial voltage across the capacitor as it begins to discharge
6
Capacitor Charge & Discharge
12 v
5V
VC
20 mSec
Time
0v
Switch has been at position B

for a long period of time. The
capacitor is completely
discharged.
Switch is moved to position

A. The capacitor charges
through the 2K resistor.
Switch is moved back to

position B. The capacitor
discharges through the
3K resistors.
Block Diagram for a 555 Timer

Discharge (7)
Vcc (8)
Control Voltage (5)
Threshold Voltage (6)
T1
Flip-Flop
RESET
SET
COMP2
Output (3)
Trigger Voltage (2)
COMP1
8
Ground (1)
Reset (4)
Schematic of a 555 Timer in Oscillator Mode

5 Volts
RA
N/C
3.333 V
Discharge
RB
Output
1.666 V
Threshold /
Trigger
C
Ground
N/C
555 Timer Design Equations

tHIGH : Calculations for the Oscillators HIGH Time
THE OUTPUT IS HIGH WHILE THE CAPACITOR
IS CHARGING THROUGH RA + RB.
5v
3.333 v
Vc
1.666 v
0v
tHIGH
HIGH
Output
LOW
tHIGH 0.693RA RB C
10

tLOW : Calculations for the Oscillators LOW Time
THE OUTPUT IS LOW WHILE THE CAPACITOR
IS DISCHARGING THROUGH RB.
5v
3.333 v
Vc
1.666 v
0v
tLOW
HIGH
Output
LOW
t LOW 0.693R BC
11
555 Timer Period / Frequency / DC

Period:
Duty Cycle:
t HIGH 0.693 R A RB C
DC
t HIGH
100%
T
DC
0.693 R A RB C
100%
0.693 R A 2RB C
DC
R
R
t LOW 0.693 RBC

T t HIGH t LOW
T 0.693 R A RB C 0.693 RBC
T 0.693 R A 2RB C
RB
100%
2RB
Frequency:
F
F
1
T
1
0.693 R A 2RB C
12
Example: 555 Oscillator

Example:
For the 555 Timer oscillator shown below, calculate the circuits,
period (T), frequency (F), and duty cycle (DC).
13

Solution:
RA 390
RB 180
C 6.8 F
Period:
T 0.693 R A 2RB C
T 0.693 390 2 180 6.8 F

T 3.534 mSec
Frequency:
1
F
T
1
F
3.534 mSec
F 282.941 Hz
Duty Cycle:
R R 100%
R 2R
390 180 100%
DC
390 2 180
DC
DC 76%
14

Example:
For the 555 Timer oscillator shown below, calculate the value for
RA & RB so that the oscillator has a frequency of 2.5 KHz @ 60%
duty cycle.
15

Solution:
Frequency:
Duty Cycle:
1
1
400 Sec
f 2.5 kHz
T 0.693 R A 2RB C 400 Sec
T
T 0.693 R A 2RB 0.47 f 400 Sec

R A 2 RB
400 Sec
1228 .09
0.693 0.47 f
R A 2 RB 1228 .09
DC
R
R
R
R
RB
100% 60%
2RB
RB
0 .6
2RB
R A RB 0.6R A 2RB
R A R B 0 .6 R A 1 .2 R B
0 . 4 R A 0 .2 R B
R A 0 .5 R B
Two Equations & Two Unknowns!
16

Solution:
Frequency:
Duty Cycle:
RA 2 RB 1228.09
RA 0.5 RB
Substitute and Solve for RB
R A 2 RB 1228 .09
0.5 RB 2 RB 1228 .09
2.5 RB 1228 .09
RB 491.23
Substitute and Solve for RA
R A 2 RB 1228 .09
R A 2 491.23 1228 .09

R A 982.472 1228 .09
R A 245.618
17
Going Further
555 Oscillator
Detail Analysis
18
Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator

5v
3.333
v
Vc
1.666
v
0v
RESET
SET
T1
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
ON
OFF
HIGH
LOW
19

5v
3.333
v
Vc
1.666
v
0v
RESET
SET
T1
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
ON
OFF
HIGH
LOW
20

5v
3.333
v
Vc
1.666
v
0v
RESET
SET
T1
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
ON
OFF
HIGH
LOW
21

5v
3.333
v
Vc
OUTPUT IS HIGH WHILE THE CAPACITOR IS

CHARGING THROUGH RA + RB.
1.666
v
0v
RESET
SET
T1
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
LOW
ON
OFF
HIGH
LOW
OUTPUT IS LOW WHILE THE CAPACITOR

IS DISCHARGING THROUGH RB.
22

tHIGH : Calculations for the Oscillators HIGH Time
VInitial 1 - e RC VInitial
VC VFinal
RC
2
1
1
e
31 VCC
3
3
CC
CC
CC
VCC VCC 1 - e RC 31 VCC
t
2
1
3 VCC 3 VCC
RC
1
e
2
V
3
CC
t
2
3
2
3
1 - e RC
1
2
1 - e RC
1
2
21 e
t
RC
1
ln 2 ln e RC
t
0.693
RC
t HIGH 0.693 R C
t
t HIGH 0.693R A RB C
23

tLOW: Calculations for the Oscillators LOW Time
VC VInitial
VFinal e RC
RC
1
2
3
3
CC
CC
RC
1
2
3
3
CC
CC
t
1
3 VCC
RC
2
V
3
CC
t
e RC
1
2
1
ln 2 ln e RC
t
0.693
RC
t LOW 0.693 R
t
t LOW 0.693 RBC
e RC
1
2
24
555 Timer Period / Frequency / DC

Period:
Duty Cycle:
t HIGH 0.693 R A RB C
DC
t HIGH
100%
T
DC
0.693 R A RB C
100%
0.693 R A 2RB C
DC
R
R
t LOW 0.693 RBC

T t HIGH t LOW
T 0.693 R A RB C 0.693 RBC
T 0.693 R A 2RB C
RB
100%
2RB
Frequency:
F
F
1
T
1
0.693 R A 2RB C
25

555 Timer

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555 Timer

Present the equations for period, frequency, and duty cycle

What is a 555 Timer?

Capacitor Charge Cycle

Capacitor is initially discharged.

Equation for Charging Capacitor

Capacitor Discharge Cycle

Capacitor is initially charged.

Equation for Discharging Capacitor

VC VInitial VFinal e-t/RC

VFinal The voltage across the capacitor that is fully discharged

Capacitor Charge & Discharge

Switch has been at position B

Switch is moved to position

Switch is moved back to

Block Diagram for a 555 Timer

Control Voltage (5)

Threshold Voltage (6)

Trigger Voltage (2)

Schematic of a 555 Timer in Oscillator Mode

555 Timer Design Equations

555 Timer Design Equations

555 Timer Period / Frequency / DC

t LOW 0.693 RBC

Example: 555 Oscillator

Example: 555 Oscillator

T 0.693 390 2 180 6.8 F

Example: 555 Oscillator

Example: 555 Oscillator

T 0.693 R A 2RB 0.47 f 400 Sec

Two Equations & Two Unknowns!

Example: 555 Oscillator

Substitute and Solve for RB

R A 2 491.23 1228 .09

Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator

Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator

Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator

Detail Analysis of a 555 Oscillator

OUTPUT IS HIGH WHILE THE CAPACITOR IS

OUTPUT IS LOW WHILE THE CAPACITOR

555 Timer Design Equations

VCC VCC 1 - e RC 31 VCC

555 Timer Design Equations

t LOW 0.693 RBC

555 Timer Period / Frequency / DC

t LOW 0.693 RBC

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