CH 24 PPT The Origin of Species

THE
NATURE OF
SPECIES AND
THE BIOLOGICAL
SPECIES CONCEPT
The Biological Species

Concept
The biological species concept states that a

species is a group of populations whose members
have the potential to interbreed in nature and
produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed
successfully with other populations
Formulated by ERNST MAYR,

an evolutionary biologist (1942)
Gene flow between populations holds the

phenotype of a population together
(a) Similarity between different species
(b) Diversity within a species
Reproductive Isolation
Reproductive
isolation is the existence of

biological factors (barriers) that impede two
species from producing viable, fertile offspring
Hybrids
are the offspring of crosses between

different species
Reproductive
isolation can be classified by

whether factors act before or after fertilization
Prezygotic
barriers block fertilization from

occurring by:
Impeding
different species from attempting to
mate
Preventing
Hindering
the successful completion of mating
fertilization if mating is successful
Prezygotic barriers
Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Individuals
of
different
species
(a)
Postzygotic barriers
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation
Mating
attempt
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrid Breakdown
Viable,
fertile
offspring
Fertilization
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(b)
(k)
(l)
Habitat
isolation: Two species encounter each

other rarely, or not at all, because they
occupy different habitats, even though not
isolated by physical barriers
(a)
Water-dwelling Thamnophis
(b)
Terrestrial Thamnophis
Temporal
isolation: Species that breed at

different times of the day, different seasons,
or different years cannot mix their gametes
(c)
Eastern spotted skunk

(Spilogale putorius)
(d)
Western spotted skunk

(Spilogale gracilis)
(e)
Behavioral
isolation:
Courtship rituals
and other
behaviors unique
to a species are
effective barriers
Courtship ritual of bluefooted boobies
(f)
Mechanical
isolation:
Morphological
differences can
prevent
successful
mating
Bradybaena with shells
spiraling in opposite
directions
(g)
Gametic isolation:
Sperm of one species
may not be able to
fertilize eggs of
another species
Sea urchins
Postzygotic
barriers prevent the hybrid

zygote from developing into a viable, fertile
adult:
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown
Reduced
hybrid viability: Genes of the

different parent species may interact and
impair the hybrids development
(i)
Donkey
( j)
Horse
(k)
Mule (sterile hybrid)
Hybrid
breakdown: Some first-generation

hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with
another species or with either parent species,
offspring of the next generation are feeble or
sterile
(l)
Hybrid cultivated rice plants with

stunted offspring (center)
Limitations of the Biological

Species Concept
The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms (including all
prokaryotes)
Other Definitions of Species

Other
species concepts emphasize the unity

within a species rather than the separateness
of different species
The morphological species concept defines a
species by structural features
It applies to sexual and asexual species but

relies on subjective criteria
The
ecological species concept views a

species in terms of its ecological niche
It applies to sexual and asexual species and

emphasizes the role of disruptive selection
The
phylogenetic species concept: defines a

species as the smallest group of individuals on
a phylogenetic tree
It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it

can be difficult to determine the degree of
difference required for separate species
Speciation can take place with or without

geographic separation
Speciation can occur in two ways:
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
SPECIATION- The process of Biological Species Formation.
(a) Allopatric speciation
(b) Sympatric speciation
Allopatric
Country)
In
allopatric (Other
speciation,
gene flow
is
interrupted
Speciationor reduced when a population is
divided into geographically isolated
subpopulations
The Process of Allopatric

Speciation
The definition of barrier depends on the ability of a
population to disperse
Separate populations may evolve independently
through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift
A. harrisi
A. leucurus
Evidence of Allopatric
Speciation
Regions
with many geographic barriers

typically have more species than do regions
with fewer barriers
Reproductive isolation between populations

generally increases as the distance between
them increases
Mantellinae
(Madagascar only):
100 species
Rhacophorinae
(India/Southeast
Asia): 310 species
Other Indian/
Southeast Asian
frogs
100
60
80
1
40
20
Millions of years ago (mya)

1
India
Madagascar
88 mya
65 mya
56 mya
Sympatric (Same Country)

Speciation
In
sympatric speciation, speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations
Polyploidy
Polyploidy
is the presence of extra sets of

chromosomes due to accidents during cell
division
An autopolyploid is an individual with more
than two chromosome sets, derived from one
species
An allopolyploid is a species with multiple
sets of chromosomes derived from different
species
2n = 6
4n = 12
Failure of cell
division after
chromosome
duplication gives
rise to tetraploid
tissue.
2n
Gametes
produced
are diploid..
4n
Offspring with
tetraploid
karyotypes may
be viable and
fertile.
Species B
2n = 4
Unreduced
gamete
with 4
chromosomes
Meiotic
error
Species A
2n = 6
Normal
gamete
n=3
Hybrid
with 7
chromosomes
Unreduced
gamete
with 7
chromosomes
Normal
gamete
n=3
Viable fertile
hybrid
(allopolyploid)
2n = 10
Polyploidy
is much more common in plants

than in animals
Many
important crops (oats, cotton, potatoes,

tobacco, and wheat) are polyploids
Sexual Selection
Sexual
selection can drive sympatric

speciation
Sexual
selection for mates of different colors

has likely contributed to the speciation in
cichlid fish in Lake Victoria
EXPERIMENT
Normal light
P.
pundamilia
P. nyererei
Monochromatic
orange light
Allopatric
Sympatric
In
allopatric and
speciation,
geographic
isolation
restricts
gene flow
between populations
Speciation:
A Review
Reproductive
isolation may then arise by

natural selection, genetic drift, or sexual
selection in the isolated populations
Even
if contact is restored between

populations, interbreeding is prevented
In
sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier

isolates a subset of a population without
geographic separation from the parent species
Sympatric
speciation can result from

polyploidy, natural selection, or sexual
selection
Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study

factors that cause reproductive isolation
A
hybrid zone is a region in which members of

different species mate and produce hybrids
Patterns Within Hybrid Zones

A
hybrid zone can occur in a single band

where adjacent species meet
Hybrids
often have reduced fitness compared

with parent species
The
distribution of hybrid zones can be more

complex if parent species are found in
multiple habitats within the same region
EUROPE
Fire-bellied
toad range
Hybrid zone
0.99
Allele frequency (log scale)
Yellow-bellied toad,
Bombina variegata
Yellow-bellied
toad range
Fire-bellied toad,
Bombina bombina
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.01
40
20
30
10
10
20
0
Distance from hybrid zone center (km)
Fusion: Weakening
Reproductive Barriers
If
hybrids are as fit as parents, there can be

substantial gene flow between species
If
gene flow is great enough, the parent

species can fuse into a single species
Pundamilia nyererei
Pundamilia pundamilia
Pundamilia turbid water,

hybrid offspring from a location
with turbid water
Stability: Continued Formation of Hybrid

Individuals
Extensive
gene flow from outside the hybrid

zone can overwhelm selection for increased
reproductive isolation inside the hybrid zone
In
cases where hybrids have increased fitness,

local extinctions of parent species within the
hybrid zone can prevent the breakdown of
reproductive barriers
GAME!
(by
group)
2 points for every
correct
Answer
Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake

Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct
populations, located at the north and south ends of the island.
How can scientists determine whether these populations are
now different species, according to the biological species
concept?
a)
See whether the two populations are morphologically

different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and
so on.
b)
Determine whether captured individuals from the two

different populations will mate and produce offspring in
a laboratory fish tank.
c)
Determine whether individuals from one population

will interbreed with individuals from the other
population when introduced into each others native
habitats.
Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake

Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct
populations, located at the north and south ends of the island.
How can scientists determine whether these populations are
now different species, according to the biological species
concept?
a)
See whether the two populations are morphologically

different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and
so on.
b)
Determine whether captured individuals from the two

different populations will mate and produce offspring in
a laboratory fish tank.
c)
Determine whether individuals from one population

will interbreed with individuals from the other
population when introduced into each others native
habitats.
Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have

diversified from a relatively few species to
600 species in about 12,000 years (the last
time the lake dried up). What is the best way
Examine the fossil record in lake sediments.
toa)test
this hypothesis?
b)
Look for morphological characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species

that are distinct from the species present in other lakes.
c)
Look for genetic characteristics shared among

Lake Victoria species that are distinct from
species present in other lakes.
d)
This is not a testable hypothesis.
Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have

diversified from a relatively few species to
600 species in about 12,000 years (the last
time the lake dried up). What is the best way
Examine the fossil record in lake sediments.
toa)test
this hypothesis?
b)
Look for morphological characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species

that are distinct from the species present in other lakes.
c)
Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species

that are distinct from species present in other lakes.
d)
This is not a testable hypothesis.
In what type of environment is a scientist

most likely to find examples of ongoing
a)
areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and deep
speciation?
valleys
b)
areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals
c)
extreme physical environments that are marginal for supporting life
d)
areas that are already species-rich
e)
areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change
In what type of environment is a scientist

most likely to find examples of ongoing
a)
areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and deep
speciation?
valleys
b)
areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals
c)
extreme physical environments that are marginal for supporting life
d)
areas that are already species-rich
e)
areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They

release their gametes into the water without
courtship. Which of these reproductive
isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting
a)
behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation
sea
urchins?
b)
gametic isolation or temporal isolation
c)
habitat isolation
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They

release their gametes into the water without
courtship. Which of these reproductive
isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting
a)
behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation
sea
urchins?
b)
gametic isolation or temporal isolation
c)
habitat isolation
You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat

on the ocean and remark about how similar it
looks to a snake that lives in central Illinois.
However, you know that they are most likely
separate species due to which of the
a)
behavioral
isolation
following
reproductive
barriers?
b)
gametic isolation
c)
ecological/habitat isolation
d)
temporal isolation
You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat

on the ocean and remark about how similar it
looks to a snake that lives in central Illinois.
However, you know that they are most likely
separate species due to which of the
a)
behavioral
isolation
following
reproductive
barriers?
b)
gametic isolation
c)
d)
temporal isolation
The century cactus flowers every 100 years.

A similar cactus flowers every 50 years. If the
50-year cactus pollen has the correct
characteristics to fertilize the century
cactus, which reproductive barrier will most
a)
behavioral
isolation against that possibility?
likely
be working
b)
gametic isolation
c)
d)
temporal isolation
The century cactus flowers every 100 years.

A similar cactus flowers every 50 years. If the
50-year cactus pollen has the correct
characteristics to fertilize the century
cactus, which reproductive barrier will most
a)
behavioral
isolation against that possibility?
likely
be working
b)
gametic isolation
c)
d)
temporal isolation
Several species of amphibians are able to

read each others mating rituals and
understand them, tend to be fertile at the
same time, and are usually similar in size.
However, when they attempt to mate, they
never produce offspring. Which of the
a)
behavioral isolation
following
barriers
is
most
likely
the
cause
of
b)
gametic isolation
this?
c)
reduced hybrid fertility
d)
hybrid breakdown
Several species of amphibians are able to

read each others mating rituals and
understand them, tend to be fertile at the
same time, and are usually similar in size.
However, when they attempt to mate, they
never produce offspring. Which of the
a)
behavioral isolation
following
barriers
is
most
likely
the
cause
of
b)
gametic isolation
this?
c)
reduced hybrid fertility
d)
hybrid breakdown
When differentiating between two species of

fish, you notice that one species stay near
the surface and feed on floating algae, while
the other species are bottom feeders. This is
a)
morphological species concept.
using
the
b)
ecological species concept.
c)
phylogenetic species concept.
When differentiating between two species of

fish, you notice that one species stay near
the surface and feed on floating algae, while
the other species are bottom feeders. This is
a)
morphological species concept.
using
the
b)
ecological species concept.
c)
phylogenetic species concept.
Which of the following is believed to be the

primary reproductive isolation mechanism for
causing sympatric speciation in North
American apple maggot flies (Rhagoletis
pomonella)?
a)
polyploidy
b)
sexual selection
c)
phylogenetic species concept
d)
habitat differentiation
Which of the following is believed to be the

primary reproductive isolation mechanism for
causing sympatric speciation in North
American apple maggot flies (Rhagoletis
pomonella)?
a)
polyploidy
b)
sexual selection
c)
phylogenetic species concept
d)
habitat differentiation
For FIVE POINTS!
1.
What do you call an offspring of two different animals or plants of different

races, breeds, varieties and species.
2. Who formulated the biological species concept?
3. Defines a species by structural features. It applies to sexual and asexual species but
relies on subjective criteria
4. It views a species in terms of its ecological

niche. It applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of
disruptive selection.
5. The differentiation of geographically

Isolated populations into distinct
Species.
THE END!

CH 24 PPT The Origin of Species

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CH 24 PPT The Origin of Species

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THE

The Biological Species

The biological species concept states that a

Formulated by ERNST MAYR,

Gene flow between populations holds the

(a) Similarity between different species

(b) Diversity within a species

isolation is the existence of

are the offspring of crosses between

isolation can be classified by

barriers block fertilization from

different species from attempting to

the successful completion of mating

fertilization if mating is successful

Reduced Hybrid Viability

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

isolation: Two species encounter each

isolation: Species that breed at

Eastern spotted skunk

Western spotted skunk

barriers prevent the hybrid

Reduced hybrid viability

Reduced hybrid fertility

hybrid viability: Genes of the

Mule (sterile hybrid)

breakdown: Some first-generation

Hybrid cultivated rice plants with

Limitations of the Biological

Other Definitions of Species

species concepts emphasize the unity

It applies to sexual and asexual species but

ecological species concept views a

It applies to sexual and asexual species and

phylogenetic species concept: defines a

It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it

Speciation can take place with or without

Speciation can occur in two ways:

SPECIATION- The process of Biological Species Formation.

(a) Allopatric speciation

(b) Sympatric speciation

The Process of Allopatric

with many geographic barriers

Reproductive isolation between populations

Millions of years ago (mya)

Sympatric (Same Country)

sympatric speciation, speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

is the presence of extra sets of

is much more common in plants

important crops (oats, cotton, potatoes,

selection can drive sympatric

selection for mates of different colors

isolation may then arise by

if contact is restored between

sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier

speciation can result from

Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study

hybrid zone is a region in which members of

Patterns Within Hybrid Zones