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1.2.4 Energy Balance: I I o o R A

This document discusses energy balances and heat exchange equipment used in process systems. It provides the following key points: 1. Energy balances account for heat (Q), work (W), enthalpy flows (H), and accumulation of energy (dE/dt) in a system. Common terms like heat of reaction (ΔHr) are also defined. 2. Common heat exchange equipment includes shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and cooling towers. Condensers and reboilers are used in distillation. 3. Mass transfer operations like distillation use equilibrium relationships between phases set by temperature, pressure, and components. Distillation columns operate as a series of equilibrium stages

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88 views20 pages

1.2.4 Energy Balance: I I o o R A

This document discusses energy balances and heat exchange equipment used in process systems. It provides the following key points: 1. Energy balances account for heat (Q), work (W), enthalpy flows (H), and accumulation of energy (dE/dt) in a system. Common terms like heat of reaction (ΔHr) are also defined. 2. Common heat exchange equipment includes shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and cooling towers. Condensers and reboilers are used in distillation. 3. Mass transfer operations like distillation use equilibrium relationships between phases set by temperature, pressure, and components. Distillation columns operate as a series of equilibrium stages

Uploaded by

Nathanian
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.2.

4 Energy Balance
Flow system
Q- W + FiHi FoHo HRVrA = dE/dt
(neglecting KE and PE) kJ/s
in a pipe where no accumulation term and possibly KE and
PE:
Qo s+ mo ((ui2- uo2)/2 + g(zi-zo)+ (hi-ho)) = 0 kJ/ s or
Q-Ws+ m((ui2- uo2)/2 + g(zi-zo)+ (hi-ho)) = 0 kJ/
get Bernoulli eqn if substitute ho-hi = h - (Pv) = Q-W
and W = Pv lw (friction loss)
h vP - Pv = Q-Pv + lw
h = Q + vP + lw
Ws+ (uo2- ui2)/2+g(zo-zi) + vP + lw = 0
v = 1/
Ws+ (uo2- ui2)/2+g(zo-zi) + P/ + lw = 0

Typically in process flow calcs perform


material balances followed by energy (as they
are coupled)
Terms used in energy calcs:
Heat of reaction Hr - enthalpy change
when stoichiometric quantities of reactants
at T and P are completely converted to
products at same T and P
Hr < 0 reaction is exothermic e.g most fossil fuel
combustion
Hr > 0 reaction endothermic e.g. most fossil fuel
pyrolysis

1.3 Heat Exchange Equipment


i. shell and tube

ii. Condensers
heat transfer equip used to liquefy vapours where latent heat of
vap us absorbed w/ coolant
iii. Reboiler
usually shell/tube ex used to boil liquid for recirculation

www.distillationgroup.com

iv. Cooling Towers


used to lower temp of recirc water used in condensers and heat exchangers
large diameter columns with special packing to give good contact with low P
drop
water distributed thru tower via nozzles or troughs of pies and air passed thru
forced draft and induced draft fans

Closed Loop Cooling Tower System (www.cheresources.com)

1.4 Mass transfer Ops


mass transfer processes can be modelled by diffusion rate processes (gas
absorption, l-l extraction, packed towers) and/or equilibrium stages
(distillation, leaching, extraction in distillation towers, diffusion batteries)
regardless of model need to know equilibrium relationship between phases
and components because once 2 phases are in equilibrium there is no mass
transfer
as said before equilibrium is set by T, P, n so use phase rule: F=C-P+2
determines degree of freedom for phase calcs

a)Eqm relationship
in our applications focus on distillation columns which are series of eqm stages
where two streams run counter-currently to each other, in each stage they are
brought into contact, mixed, and separated, to work must enter stage not in eqm
and leave very close to eqm
distillation or fractionation is a method of separation of HC by relative volatility
ij=Ki/Kj
where K- K-values = yi/xi really a measure of separation between liquid (x)
and gas (y) fractions at a give T and P

i. fractionators
are designed as a series of equilibrium flashes:
equilibrium flash say have a pure component of vapour and liquid at specified T
and P, at equilibrium a certain fraction exists as vapour the rest as liquid, if change
temp and/or pressure and allow to equilibrate fractions will shift, if now add other
compounds to pure and allow to equilibrate the l and v fractions and composition
will again shift how shift determined by thermo f(comp, T, P)

v, y1
Tin, Pin, z1

TS
PS

TS
Tin
l, x1

x1

y1

in series of flashes:
vapour enters from stage below @ T1
l enters from stage above @ T2 (T1>T2)
heat and mass transfer occurs so exit streams from stage
@ bubble pt l and dew pt v at same T and P
dew pt v
Stage may be a tray
or part of packing
(discussed in detail
later)

l at T2
T

contact

v at T1

T2

bubble pt l

T1

yDP
xBP
composition of exit streams are related by equilibrium constant (K)
Ki = ydp/xbp where K=f(T,P) calculate using thermodynamics
(del G or chem potential)

Condenser may have total or


partial reflux
Reflux

Overhead

Rectifying
Section v enriched w/
low boilers

Stripping section l
enriched w/ high boilers

Reboiler
Bottom Product

Figure modified from Perrys

May have multiple feeds at low T as approach top to provide reflux


Use top l feed w/ crude stabilizers and deethanizers
purpose is usually meet specs for bottom product , OH composition
determined by upstream process units
trayed
1. bubble cap prevents l from weeping thru vapour passages
- turndown ratio 8:1-10:1
2. valve lower cost
3. sieve or Perforated lowest cost, high capacity but subject to weeping
initial design calcs based in theoretical trays (eqm calcs) and then apply a tray
efficiency

Bubble

Sieve

Valve

packed columns
as opposed to tray columns, contact btw l and v maintained
throughout column (vs. specific pts) more detail later
number of trays function of separation factors
q

Hv H F
Hv H L

where Hv is the enthalpy of the feed at the


dew point, HF is the enthalpy of the feed at
the boiling point, and HL is the enthalpy of
the feed at its entrance condition

numbers 1-6 represent


theoretical amount of trays
required to achieve
separation never truly
reach eqm at trays therefore
apply tray efficiency
Typical McCabe-Thiele diagram for distillation of a binary feed (Perrys)

condenser partially or totally condense the vapour to a


boiling liquid to return to column and enhance mass transfer
as it is transferred to rising vapour stream called reflux
(increases purity of OH product)
reboiler liquid partially reboiled to vapour
temperature increases as move down column due
increase in pressure and concentration of higher boiling
components
in design mass and energy balances are done at each
stage or plate to determine final concentration, T and P
profiles.

i.

Liquid/Gas Absorption ops

includes absorption, stripping and desorption


soluble vapour absorbed from mixture with a liquid
(solute), solute is then regenerated can also have gas
absorption with reaction (discuss later)

absorber vs.

Packings/packed tower design


usually use a tower with packings or
trays/valves to accomplish gas absorption
cylindrical column (tower), with gas
inlet, and distributor at the bottom, liquid
inlet and distributor at top, gas and liquid
outlets at top and bottom, and supported
mass of inert packing or series of
trays/valves
can be a physical absorption process
occurs due to solubility and vapour-pressure
relationships or,
chemical
absorption

chemical
reactions between absorbed substance and
the absorbing medium
packing increase the area of contact
between gas and liquid this results in
increased mass transfer between phases
the solute in the RICH gas is absorbed by
the liquid and exits the tower as a LEAN
gas

3 types of packing:
1. dumped or random packing units 6-75 mm in diameter, cheap
inert material (clay, porcelain, plastics)
- area/volume column = 65-625 m2/m3
2. stacked 50-200 mm in size, not commonly used due to
channelling
3. structured knitted type mesh packing (i.e. wire gauze)
high l loading possible
area/volume column = 200-250 m2/m3

stacked

structured

http://www.tower-packing.com/Dir_structured_packing.htm

random

initial design calcs based on P drop and diameter (Eckert method)


must minimize P drop across column (low gas mass velocity) which also
prevents flooding (high l or v rates when delPgas > net gravity head of l) but
if gas mass velocity too low then must have larger column to maximize
contact between l and v
e.g. del Pmax=5-15 mm H2O/ft packed depth (max of 25) or
del Pflood = 0.115Fp0.7
where Fp is packing factor (dimensionless, del P in H2O/ft
pack)
(l/v)max

liquid
flowrate

operating
strippingrange

flooding

max delP
rectifying

channeling

min allowable eff


vapour flowrate

other column problems that must be mitigated by operating properly:


foaming
entrainment
weeping (when trays rely on gas pressure to hold l start leaking l thru gas
orifices)
the maximum amount of solute that can be absorbed by the liquid is defined
by equilibrium calcs, actual amount is less and called the operating line:
Operating line - absorption
Tower bottom

Equilibrium line
Operating line - stripping

Tower top

** reversed op and eqm line for distillation

instead of efficiency have Height of Packing Equivalent to Theoretical Plates


(or trays) HETP inversely prop to eff
then HETP*theoretical stages = hPC ~ 300-900 mm (1500 max)
critical to maintain l distribution (avoid channelling) so redistribute ~ every
6 m of packing or 10 column diameters
regenerate liquid in adjacent column

iii.) solid/gas absorption or fixed bed absorbers and fluidized beds


solid acts as absorbent to remove impurities
as with gas-liquid contactors can have physical or chemical absorption
adsorbent particles placed in bed 0.3-1.2 m deep supported on screen or
perf plate, feed gas flows down thru bed to prevent fluidization, usually
have 2nd bed regenerating

fluidized beds solid particles are fluidized to enhance mass and heat transfer

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