CXC geo 2015

Question 6
Economic Development

Define the term secondary industry and give one

example of a secondary industry that you have studied.
3marks
Secondary industries are those industries which
process, refine, assemble or transform raw material in
some way into more valuable products. Example
garment manufacturing.

State three ways by which countries can benefit from

the development of secondary industries. 3 marks
Provide jobs for low skilled labour
Earn more foreign exchange than when raw materials
are exported
Local manufacturing reduces imports and increases
exports.

State two economic factors which may influence the

location of a secondary economic activity. 2 marks
Cost of labour ( compared to other countries)
Economic incentives from governments (such as
exemption from tax duty)

Explain three policies that government may use to

promote sustainable development in primary economic
activities. 6 marks
Zoning of forests, and enforcement of laws to prevent
overharvesting of timber or clear cutting.
Create a closed (no harvest) season for certain marine
life such as conch and lobster during the months when
most breeding takes place, so that the stock can
replenish itself each year.
Prohibit the sale of conch and lobster below a certain
size so that they are given a chance to mature.

Explain three challenges faced by one of the following

activities in a Caribbean country. Fishing. Forestry.
Mining. 6 marks
Fishing in Belize
Competition from international factory fishing ships. It is
hard to control the presence of theses foreign ships
which use satellite and sonar equipment to overharvest
fish and deplete the stock.
The species most valuable commercial species for
export such as marlin, grouper and some types of tuna
are threatened by extinction due to overfishing.
While shrimp export is very profitable in Belize, shrimp
trawling is indiscriminate and catches too many young
fish, often up to six times the weight of the shrimp
harvested.

Define the term economic activity 2

marks
Actions that involve the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services at all levels within a
society.

For one type of economic activity you have studied,

describe three changes that have taken place. 6 marks
Agriculture
Preferential trade agreements with the UK and Europe
were cancelled and commercial sugar and bananas
became unprofitable.
Employment in agriculture has fallen dramatically due
to trade liberalization causing loss of markets for
products and increased mechanization of agriculture.
Agriculture is no longer the largest or most important
contributor to GDP. Residential, manufacturing and
tourism uses now compete for prime agricultural land.

Explain three challenges faced by two types of

economic activity in the Caribbean. 12 marks
Fishing
Overfishing of major commercial species particularly
grouper has severely damaged the fish stock in Belize
Shrimp trawling is highly profitable but, it can catch as
many as 6kg of young unwanted fish for every 1kg of
shrimp. This means less fish will mature to commercial
size.
It is difficult to control foreign owned factory ships from
Aisia which compete for Caribbean fish stock. The ships
use satellite and sonar equipment to find and gather
fish in an unsustainable way.

Agriculture challenges
Prime agricultural land now under intense competition by
other land uses such as manufacturing, tourist
accommodation and residential development.
Preferential trade agreements with Europe that previously
made banana and sugar cultivation profitable were cancelled
due to trade liberalization. Most of the Caribbeans
agricultural products cannot compete on world markets.
Agriculture is also seeing a shortage of labour supply in the
Caribbean, since most young people prefer to work in
tourism, services or other industries even when agricultural
work is available.

Name and give an example of two

type of economic activities in the
Caribbean 2marks
Primary economic activity e.g. agriculture
Secondary economic activity e.g. food processing

For a named Caribbean country, describe two factors

which influence the location of a specific type of
economic activity. 6 marks
In Belize the fishing industry has been located there because
There is a 280 km long barrier reef where living coral, fish and
crustaceans thrive. The coral reefs, mangroves and sea grass beds
provide food and shelter for a large variety and huge numbers of
fish. This makes Belize's fishing grounds productive in deep and
shallow water.
In many locations communities are organized for commercial
fishing. 60 % of fishers belong to well run co-operatives which allow
more sustainable management of marine stock and maintain
profitability for Belize.

With reference to a named Caribbean Country, explain

how the tourism industry has been affected by the
recent global recession. Include Three points in your
answer. 6 marks
Stay over tourist decreased by 25 % or more in some
Caribbean areas. This decreases profit for small
business and local hotel industries.
The proportion of tourist choosing cruise ship vacations
has increased while the proportion of stay over visitors
is decreasing. Stay over visitors spend much more in a
country than cruise ship visitors, because food lodging
and entertainment is catered for n the ship.
In light of the recession, north American consumers are
choosing packaged tours in all inclusive resorts
because the entire cost of trip can be planned ahead of
time.

Explain three challenges faced by either mining or

fishing or forestry in a named Caribbean country. 6
marks
Fishing Belize
Overfishing of crustaceans.
Shrimp trawling damage
Competing fishing factories

Describe four ways in which the food processing

industry is important in the Caribbean. 8 marks
Low skilled employment
Increase value of agricultural exports e.g.. Caribbean
fish frozen products catch higher price, Trinidad
chocolate as oppose to cocoa
Food processing decreases the import bill, e.g. cheaper
raw materials are imported and made into high value
items like breakfast cereals and soft drinks.
Export processing zones help to industrialize the islands

Name and give an example of TWO types of

economic activities in the Caribbean. 2 marks
Primary economic activity-farming/agriculture
Secondary economic activity- food processing

For a named Caribbean country, describe TWO factors

which influence the location of a specific type of
economic activity. 6 marks
In Belize the fishing industry is located along much of its
coast.
This economic activity is highly profitable in Belize because
of the presence of a 280 km long barrier reef which acts as a
spawning ground and protection for young fish as well as
habitat for conch, lobster and shrimp.
Government policies have promoted aquaculture along its
flat coastal plains as a means of increasing production after
harvest fell due to unsustainable harvesting. Now there are
28 square km of shrimp farms along the coast.

For the economic activity identified

in b) ii explain two challenges it
faces 4 marks

There is competition from Asian shrimp farms which

produce cheaper products and Foreign factory ships
which use sonar and satellite equipment to overfish the
stock off the coast of Belize.
Shrimp trawling damages the sea bed and catches and
excess of young fish before they get time to mature to
commercial size.

For a named Caribbean country, describe TWO factors

which influence the location of a specific type of
economic activity. 6 marks
In Trinidad, the secondary economic activity of methanol
production is located at Point Lisas.
Seven methanol plants are located in Point Lisas because
natural gas is extracted in southern Trinidad and a
component of natural gas forms the major raw material for
methanol production. (Methanol is a liquid and is much easier to transport than
natural gas, so the manufacturing is located nearest the source of gas.)

The coastal site it is placed on is influenced by the need for

a deep water port which the chemical tankers use to ship
liquid methanol to north America and Europe.

http://www.energy.gov.tt/our-business/lng-petrochemicals/pe
trochemicals/methanol/

Can you
see the
straight
pipes
from
the
plant to
deep
water?

Your text here

For the economic activity identified

in b) ii explain two challenges it
faces 4 marks

The raw material Natural Gas is a non renewable

resource, which may run out or decrease in production
in the near future
There is ongoing pressure from the world governing
bodies to reduce the use of fossil fuels and decrease
output of carbon dioxide from sources such as methanol

For either food processing or garment

manufacturing, explain how the development of
the industry in both a named Caribbean country
and either Singapore or Hong Kong is influenced
by any two of the follow: Labour, Raw materials,
Market. 8 marks.
In Hong Kong labour is relatively cheap, especially in the past when the
industry was developing and this lead to cheap easily marketed products.
Labour in Trinidad by contrast is extremely expensive since wages are high
relative to other countries. The influence of high wages on the garment
industry in Trinidad has led to a shrinking of the industry overtime to niche
markets such as tailored, professional office wear for banks etc.
In Hong Kong access to UK and European markets had lead to vast expansion
and growth in garment industry until 2005 when Chinas cheaper garments
were allowed to compete for these markets on an equal footing. As Hong
Kongs market share declined the industry growth began to stagnate. In
Trinidad and Tobago the niche markets are restricted so the garment industry
has been redirected towards international luxery markets via high value
fashion design such as Meiling and Claudia Pegus designs.

Fishing in Belize
Challenges
Sustainability
Location of
Story

Belizes story
They have a barrier reef
And that gives them a lot of
fish
And a large percentage of
their GDP
But Grouper is overfished
Conch too
Over 60% in these large cool
cooperatives,
they manage, buy, sell,
process and negotiate
prices.

But

Shrimp trawling hurts young fish

So 28km squared shrimp farm

Closed season for lobster

Ban on grouper

Bans below a certain size

Marine heritage parks

Still cant fight factory ships.

Garment Construction
Hong Kong
Cheap labour
Previous preferential
access
Since 2005 outcompeted
by china

Trinidad

Niche market only : Janooras

York T shirts

Was always outcompeted in main markets.