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    Lect 6

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    ashoku2
    Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flowing along a streamline, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant. It can be used to explain phenomena like how planes fly and perfume sprays work by relating changes in pressure, velocity, and elevation of the fluid. The Venturi effect demonstrates that when fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe or channel, its speed increases and pressure decreases according to Bernoulli's principle.

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    Lect 6

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    ashoku2
    106 views26 pages
    Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flowing along a streamline, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant. It can be used to explain phenomena like how planes fly and perfume sprays work by relating changes in pressure, velocity, and elevation of the fluid. The Venturi effect demonstrates that when fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe or channel, its speed increases and pressure decreases according to Bernoulli's principle.

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    Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flowing along a streamline, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant. It can be used to explain phenomena like how planes fly and perfume sprays work by relating changes in pressure, velocity, and elevation of the fluid. The Venturi effect demonstrates that when fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe or channel, its speed increases and pressure decreases according to Bernoulli's principle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    106 views26 pages

    Lect 6

    Uploaded by

    ashoku2
    Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flowing along a streamline, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant. It can be used to explain phenomena like how planes fly and perfume sprays work by relating changes in pressure, velocity, and elevation of the fluid. The Venturi effect demonstrates that when fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe or channel, its speed increases and pressure decreases according to Bernoulli's principle.

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    FLUID FLOW

    IDEAL FLUID
    BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
    How can a plane fly?
    How does a perfume spray work?
    What is the venturi effect?
    Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?

    web notes: lect6.ppt

    flow3.pdf

    Daniel Bernoulli (1700 1782)

    Floating ball

    A1

    v1
    Low speed
    Low KE
    High pressure

    A1

    A2

    v2
    high speed
    high KE
    low pressure

    v1
    Low speed
    Low KE
    High pressure

    p large

    p large

    p small

    v small

    v large

    v small

    In a serve storm how does a house loose its roof?


    Air flow is disturbed by the house. The "streamlines" crowd around the top
    of the roof faster flow above house reduced pressure above roof
    than inside the house room lifted off because of pressure difference.

    Why do rabbits not suffocate in the burrows?


    Air must circulate. The burrows must have two entrances. Air flows across
    the two holes is usually slightly different slight pressure difference
    forces flow of air through burrow.
    One hole is usually higher than the other and the a small mound is built
    around the holes to increase the pressure difference.
    Why do racing cars wear skirts?

    VENTURI EFFECT

    high
    pressure
    (patm)

    low pressure

    velocity increased
    pressure decreased

    force

    high speed
    low pressure

    force
    What happens when two ships or trucks pass alongside each other?
    Have you noticed this effect in driving across the Sydney Harbour Bridge?

    artery

    Flow speeds up at
    constriction
    Pressure is lower
    Internal force acting on
    artery wall is reduced

    External forces causes


    artery to collapse

    Arteriosclerosis and vascular flutter

    p2

    x2

    v2
    time 2

    p1

    x1
    y2

    A1

    y1

    v1
    time 1

    A2

    Bernoullis Equation
    for any point along a flow tube or streamline

    p + v2 + g y = constant

    Dimensions
    p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]
    v2

    [kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

    gh

    [kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

    Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density.


    v2

    KE of bulk motion of fluid

    gh

    GPE for location of fluid

    pressure energy density arising from internal forces within


    moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)

    p2

    x2

    v2
    time 2

    p1

    x1
    y2

    A1

    y1

    v1
    time 1

    A2

    Mass element m moves from (1) to (2)

    Derivation of Bernoulli's equation

    m = A1 x1 = A2 x2 = V where V

    = A1 x1 = A2 x2

    Equation of continuity A V = constant


    A1 v1 = A2 v2

    A1 > A2 v1 < v2

    Since v1 < v2 the mass element has been accelerated by the net force
    F1 F2 = p1 A1 p2 A2
    Conservation of energy
    A pressurized fluid must contain energy by the virtue that work must
    be done to establish the pressure.
    A fluid that undergoes a pressure change undergoes an energy
    change.

    K = m v22 - m v12 = V v22 - V v12


    U = m g y2 m g y1 = V g y2 = V g y1
    Wnet = F1 x1 F2 x2 = p1 A1 x1 p2 A2 x2
    Wnet = p1 V p2 V = K + U
    p1 V p2 V =
    V v22 - V v12 + V g y2 - V g y1
    Rearranging
    p1 + v12 + g y1 = p2 + v22 + g y2
    Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)

    Ideal fluid

    Real fluid

    Flow of a liquid from a hole at the bottom of a tank

    (1)

    Point on surface of liquid

    y1
    v2 = ? m.s-1
    y2

    (2) Point just outside hole

    Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's


    equation can be applied
    p1 + v12 + g y1 = p2 + v22 + g y2
    A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
    slowly v1 = 0
    p1 = patm

    p2 = patm

    g y1 = v22 + g y2
    v22 = 2 g (y1 y2) = 2 g h
    v2 = (2 g h)

    h = (y1 - y2)

    Torricelli formula (1608 1647)

    This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a


    height h

    How do you measure the speed of flow for a fluid?

    (1)
    (2)
    F

    v1
    = ?
    h
    m

    Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's equation


    can be applied for the flow along a streamline
    p1 + v12 + g y1 = p2 + v22 + g y2
    y1 = y2
    p1 p2 = F (v22 - v12)
    p1 - p2 = m g h
    A1 v1 = A2 v2

    v2 = v1 (A1 / A2)

    m g h = F { v12 (A1 / A2)2- v12 } = F v12 {(A1 / A2)2 - 1}

    v1

    2 g h m
    A
    F 1
    A2

    C
    yC

    A
    yA

    D
    How does a siphon
    work?
    How fast does the
    liquid
    come out?

    yB

    Assume that the liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that


    both the equation of continuity and Bernoulli's equation can
    be used.
    Heights: yD = 0
    yB
    yA
    yC
    Pressures: pA = patm = pD
    Consider a point A on the surface of the liquid in the
    container and the outlet point D.
    Apply Bernoulli's principle to these points
    Now consider the points C and D and apply Bernoulli's
    principle to these points
    From equation of continuity vC = vD
    The pressure at point C can not be negative

    pA + vA2 + g yA = pD + vD2 + g yD
    vD2 = 2 (pA pD) / + vA2 + 2 g (yA - yD)
    pA pD = 0
    vD = (2 g yA )

    yD = 0

    assume vA2 << vD2

    pC + vC + g yC = pD + vD + g yD
    vC = vD
    pC = pD + g (yD - yC) = patm +

    g (yD - yC)

    The pressure at point C can not be negative


    pC 0

    and yD = 0

    pC = patm - g yC 0

    yC patm / ( g)

    For a water siphon


    patm ~ 105 Pa

    g ~ 10 m.s-1

    yC 105 / {(10)(103)} m
    yC 10 m

    ~ 103 kg.m-3

    A large artery in a dog has an inner radius of 4.0010-3 m. Blood flows


    through the artery at the rate of 1.0010-6 m3.s-1. The blood has a
    viscosity of 2.08410-3 Pa.s and a density of 1.06103 kg.m-3.
    Calculate:
    (i) The average blood velocity in the artery.
    (ii) The pressure drop in a 0.100 m segment of the artery.
    (iii) The Reynolds number for the blood flow.
    Briefly discuss each of the following:
    (iv) The velocity profile across the artery (diagram may be helpful).
    (v) The pressure drop along the segment of the artery.
    (vi) The significance of the value of the Reynolds number calculated in
    part (iii).
    Semester 1, 2004 Exam question

    Solution
    radius R = 4.0010-3 m
    volume flow rate Q = 1.0010-6 m3.s-1
    viscosity of blood = 2.08410-3 Pa.s
    density of blood = 1.06010-3 kg.m-3

    (i) Equation of continuity: Q = A v


    A = R2 = (4.0010-3)2 = 5.0310-5 m2
    v = Q / A = 1.0010-6 / 5.0310-5 m.s-1 = 1.9910-2
    m.s-1
    (ii) Poiseuilles Equation
    Q = P R4 / (8 L)

    L = 0.100 m

    P = 8 L Q / ( R4)
    P = (8)(2.08410-3)(0.1)(1.0010-6) / {()(4.0010-3)4} Pa
    P = 2.07 Pa
    (iii) Reynolds Number
    Re = v L /
    where L = 2 R (diameter of
    artery)
    Re = (1.060103)(1.9910-2)(2)(4.0010-3) / (2.084103

    (iv) Parabolic velocity profile: velocity of blood zero at sides of artery


    (v) Viscosity internal friction energy dissipated as thermal energy
    pressure drop along artery
    (vi) Re very small laminar flow (Re < 2000)
    Flow of a viscous newtonain fluid through a pipe
    Velocity Profile
    Cohesive forces
    between molecules
    layers of fluid slide past
    each other generating
    frictional forces
    energy dissipated (like
    rubbing hands together)

    Parabolic velocity
    profile

    Adhesive forces between fluid and surface fluid


    stationary at surface

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