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The Digestive System: Dr. M. Azhari

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main components and functions. It discusses the mechanical and chemical digestion that occurs, as well as the roles of different organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. Key points covered include how food is ingested, moved through the system, digested, absorbed, and eliminated as waste. The digestive system works in an organized way to break down food into nutrients that can be used by the body.

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Irma Julyanti Panggabean
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501 views40 pages

The Digestive System: Dr. M. Azhari

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its main components and functions. It discusses the mechanical and chemical digestion that occurs, as well as the roles of different organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. Key points covered include how food is ingested, moved through the system, digested, absorbed, and eliminated as waste. The digestive system works in an organized way to break down food into nutrients that can be used by the body.

Uploaded by

Irma Julyanti Panggabean
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

The Digestive System

Dr. M. Azhari

Digestion
Processing of food
Types
Mechanical (physical)

Chew
Tear
Grind
Mash
Mix

Chemical
Catabolic reactions
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
2

Digestion
Phases
Ingestion
Movement
Digestion
Absorption
Further digestion

Digestive System Organization


Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract (Alimentary canal)
Tube within a tube
Direct link/path between organs
Structures

Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duedenum
Jejenum
Illeum
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
4

GASTROINTESTINAL
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Resting potential is -40 to -80 mV (usually near
the lower end of this range
Electrogenic Na,K-ATPase may contibute more
to resting potential
Slow waves (3 to 12 per minute) are oscillations
of resting membrane potential
Action potentials are slow with little overshoot
(L-type Ca2+ channels involved)

Digestive System Organization

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus

Accessory structures
Not in tube path
Organs

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

Anatomy of the Mouth and


Throat

Human Deciduous and


Permanent Teeth

Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

The Major Salivary Glands

10

Deglutition (swallowing)
Sequence
Voluntary stage
Push food to back of
mouth

Pharyngeal stage
Raise
Soft palate
Larynx + hyoid
Tongue to soft palate

Esophageal stage
Contract pharyngeal
muscles
Open esophagus
Start peristalsis

11

Deglutition (swallowing)
Control
Nerves
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory

Brain stem
Deglutition center
Medulla oblongata
Pons

Disorders
Dysphagia
Aphagia

12

Esophagus
Usually collapsed (closed)
3 constrictions
Aortic arch
Left primary bronchus
Diaphragm

Surrounded by
SNS plexus (sympathetic nervous system)
Blood vessels

Functions
Secrete mucous
Transport food
13

Peristalsis and Segmentation

14

Esophagus
Sphincters
Upper
Lower

Abnormalities

Achalasia
Atresia
Hernia
Barrets esophagus
Esophageal varices
15

Stomach
Usually J shaped
Left side, anterior to the spleen
Mucous membrane
G cells make gastrin
Goblet cells make mucous
Gastric pit Oxyntic gland Parietal cells Make
HCl
Chief cells Zymogenic cells
Pepsin
Gastric lipase

16

Anatomy of the Stomach

17

Stomach
3 muscle layers
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal

Regions

Cardiac sphincter
Fundus
Antrum (pylorus)
Pyloric sphincter

Vascular
Inner surface thrown into
folds Rugae
Contains enzymes that work
best at pH 1-2

18

Stomach
(gastric motility)
Functions
Mix food
Reservoir
Start digestion of
Protein
Nucleic acids
Fats

Absorbs

Alcohol
Water
Lipophilic acid
B 12

Activates some enzymes


Destroy some bacteria
Makes intrinsic factor B
12 absorption
Destroys some bacteria

19

AUTONOMIC CONTROL of
GASTRIC MOTILITY
Parasympathetic activity enhances
peristaltic contractions
Sympathetic activity inhibits peristaltic
contractions

Small Intestine
Extends from pyloric
sphincter ileocecal
valve
Regions
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

Movements
Segmentation
Peristalsis

21

Small Intestine
Histology

Intestinal glands Intestinal enzymes


Duodenal glands Alkaline mucous
Paneth cells Lysozyme
Microvilli
Lacteals
Plica circularis
Smooth muscle
Lymphatic tissue
Vascular
22

Small Intestine
Absorbs

80% ingested water


Electrolytes
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbonates

Lipids

Monoglycerides
Fatty acids
Micelles
Chylomicrons

Active/facilitated
transport
Monosaccharides

Proteins
Di-/tripeptides
Amino acids

23

Structure of the Villi in the


Small Intestine

24

Small Intestine
Secretes digestive
enzymes
Peptidases
Amino Di Tri-

Sucrases
Maltase
Lactase
Saccharidases
Di Tri-

Lipase
Nucleases
25

Small Intestine
Control
Requires pancreatic
enzymes & bile to
complete digestion

26

Large Intestine
Extends from ileocecal valve to anus
Regions
Cecum Appendix
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending

Rectum
Anal canal

27

Anatomy of the Large Intestine

28

Large Intestine
Histology
No villi
No permanent circular folds
Smooth muscle
Taeniae coli
Haustra

Epiploic appendages
Otherwise like rest of Gl tract
29

Large Intestine
Functions
Mechanical digestion
Haustral churning
Peristalsis
Reflexes
Gastroileal
Gastrocolic

Chemical digestion
Bacterial digestion

Absorbs
More water
Vitamins
B
K

Concentrate/eliminate
wastes

Ferment carbohydrates
Protein/amino acid
breakdown
30

How hormones regulate


gastric emptying
CCK, gastrin, GIP(gastric inhibitory peptide),
and secretin all promote constriction of pyloric
sphincter
Secretin and GIP decrease force of antral
contractions
Gastrin and CCK increase force of antral
contractions. Under most circumstances the
effect on the pyloric sphincter predominates
All of these tend to slow gastric emptying

DUODENAL CONTROL OF
GASTRIC EMPTYING
Acid causes release of secretin, vasovagal
reflexes, and enteric neural reflexes
Fats release CCK and GIP
Amino acids and peptides release gastrin
Hypertonicity releases uncharacterized
enterogastrone and elicits a neural reflex

Feces Formation and Defecation


Chyme dehydrated to
form feces
Feces composition

Water
Inorganic salts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria
Byproducts of digestion

Control
Parasympathetic
Voluntary

Defecation
Peristalsis pushes feces
into rectum
Rectal walls stretch

33

Liver
Location
R. Hypochondrium
Epigastric region

4 Lobes

Left
Quadrate
Caudate
Right

Each lobe has lobules Contains hepatocytes


Surround sinusoids Feed into central vein
34

Liver
Functions
Makes bile
Detergent emulsifies
fats
Release promoted by:
Vagus n.
CCK
Secretin

Contains

Water
Bile salts
Bile pigments
Electrolytes
Cholesterol
Lecithin

35

Liver
Detoxifies/removes
Drugs
Alcohol

Stores

Gycolgen
Vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Fe and other minerals
Cholesterol

Activates vitamin D
Fetal RBC production
Phagocytosis
Metabolizes absorbed food
molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

36

Liver
Dual blood supply
Hepatic portal vein
Direct input from small
intestine

Hepatic artery/vein
Direct links to heart

37

The Duodenum and Related


Organs

38

The Organs and Positions in the


Abdominal Cavity

39

Structures of the Alimentary


Canal

40

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