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Biomedical 9

This document discusses biopotential electrodes and how they work. Electrodes convert ionic current in the body into electronic current that can be measured by devices. They do this through electrode-electrolyte interfaces where chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction allow charge transfer across the interface while maintaining neutrality. Factors like concentration, activation energy, and resistance affect the observed potential compared to equilibrium potential and contribute to overpotentials. Ionic activity also influences half-cell potentials as defined by the Nernst equation.

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shamik
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44 views14 pages

Biomedical 9

This document discusses biopotential electrodes and how they work. Electrodes convert ionic current in the body into electronic current that can be measured by devices. They do this through electrode-electrolyte interfaces where chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction allow charge transfer across the interface while maintaining neutrality. Factors like concentration, activation energy, and resistance affect the observed potential compared to equilibrium potential and contribute to overpotentials. Ionic activity also influences half-cell potentials as defined by the Nernst equation.

Uploaded by

shamik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biopotential Electrodes:

To measure or record the biopotentials


or current in the body some interface
between body and the electronic
apparatus is required. Electrode serves
that purpose.
Actually electrode carrying out
transducing function. It converts ionic
current (in the body) into electron
current (by lead wires connected to
measuring device)

Electrode Electrolyte interface:


The passage of electric current from body to an
electrode is easily understood by electrode
electrolyte interface.

Chemical reactions occur at interface:

Shifting from left to right: Oxidation


Shifting from right to left : Reduction
Eqn (1) suggesting Electrode is made up of same
material as the cations such that an interface become
oxidized to form cation and one or more free electron
Eqn (2) suggesting that anion coming to electrode
electrolyte interface can be oxidized to neutral atom
In the both cases reversible reaction may occur
As the rate oxidation is equal to rate of reduction the
net charge transfer across the interface is zero.

When the direction of current is from left to right:


Oxidation predominates
When the direction of current is from right to left:
Reduction predominates

Considering the figure if a piece of metal


(C) is placed in solution containing the
ions of C, equal no of anions have to
created to maintain neutrality of charge.

Thus eqn (1) begins immediately.


Initially reaction shifts predominantly either left or right
depending on the concentration of cations and equilibrium
constant for that particular reaction
Local concentration of cation changes, this will affect
concentration of anions at the interface between electrode
and electrolyte
Thus the electrolyte surrounding the metal is at different
potential than rest of the solution
This potential difference is known as half cell potential.
This is very important for knowledge of the behavior of the
electrode.
As only one electrode is used thus the name is given
For measuring the actual potential another electrode
(reference) has to be used.

Hydrogen gas bubbled over platinum electrode


serves as hydrgen source thus very good

For standard half cell potential there is no


current existing between electrode and
electrolyte.
If there is a current then observed half potential
is altered.
This difference is due to phenomenon called
Polarization.
The difference between observed half potential
and equilibrium zero current half potential is
called overpotential.
Overpotentials have been divided into three
components:

Ohmic Overpotential:
Electrodes
immersed in
electrolyte
Current passing through
them
Development of voltage
drop along the path of the
current due to resistance of
electrolyte
This ohmic potential is
not linearly related
current as resistance of
electrolyte varies as a

Concentration Overpotential
When equilibrium is reached the rate of
oxidation and reduction are same
Due to the establishment of current this
equilibrium state is longer present.
As a result concentrations of ions changed
This result different half cell potential at the
electrode
The difference between this and
equilibrium half cell potential is called
concentration over potential

Activation Overpotential
In fact the charge transfer process in
the oxidation and reduction reaction are
not completely reversible
The metal ions must overcome an
energy barrier called activation energy to
be oxidized into metal ions
Similarly when a cation is to reduced
thereby plating out an atom of the metal
on the electrode also involves activation
energy
Activation energy for oxidation may not
be same as in case of reduction
When there is current between
electrode and electrolyte, height of the
energy barrier depending on the
direction of current
This difference in activation energy is

These three polarizations are additive. Thus


net overpotential is given by:

a1 and a2 are the activities of ions on


each sides of the membrane.
Where

In dilute solutions the ionic activities is


approximately equal to the ionic
concentration.
For higher concentration where intermolecular
effects are significant, activities of ions are
less than their concentrations.

Ionic activity is defined as the availability of ionic species


in the solutions to enter into chemical reaction.
The electrode placed in the solution of electrolyte
containing cations of electrode material having unity
activity.
Then half cell potential changes according to the Nernst
equation as

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