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    5 Power System Control

    Uploaded by

    Mary Morse
    (1) Electrical power systems must maintain a balance between power generation and consumption to ensure constant voltage and frequency. Generators control the active power balance while generators and static components control reactive power. (2) If load increases suddenly, frequency will drop due to the imbalance unless more power is generated quickly. If reactive power load increases, voltage will drop due to the imbalance unless reactive power is controlled. (3) Primary control uses generator governor systems to regulate frequency while secondary control coordinates generators in different areas to restore frequency. Voltage is controlled locally while reactive power is controlled through transformers, capacitors, SVCs, and other devices.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    5 Power System Control

    Uploaded by

    Mary Morse
    63 views18 pages
    (1) Electrical power systems must maintain a balance between power generation and consumption to ensure constant voltage and frequency. Generators control the active power balance while generators and static components control reactive power. (2) If load increases suddenly, frequency will drop due to the imbalance unless more power is generated quickly. If reactive power load increases, voltage will drop due to the imbalance unless reactive power is controlled. (3) Primary control uses generator governor systems to regulate frequency while secondary control coordinates generators in different areas to restore frequency. Voltage is controlled locally while reactive power is controlled through transformers, capacitors, SVCs, and other devices.

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    5 Power System Control

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    (1) Electrical power systems must maintain a balance between power generation and consumption to ensure constant voltage and frequency. Generators control the active power balance while generators and static components control reactive power. (2) If load increases suddenly, frequency will drop due to the imbalance unless more power is generated quickly. If reactive power load increases, voltage will drop due to the imbalance unless reactive power is controlled. (3) Primary control uses generator governor systems to regulate frequency while secondary control coordinates generators in different areas to restore frequency. Voltage is controlled locally while reactive power is controlled through transformers, capacitors, SVCs, and other devices.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views18 pages

    5 Power System Control

    Uploaded by

    Mary Morse
    (1) Electrical power systems must maintain a balance between power generation and consumption to ensure constant voltage and frequency. Generators control the active power balance while generators and static components control reactive power. (2) If load increases suddenly, frequency will drop due to the imbalance unless more power is generated quickly. If reactive power load increases, voltage will drop due to the imbalance unless reactive power is controlled. (3) Primary control uses generator governor systems to regulate frequency while secondary control coordinates generators in different areas to restore frequency. Voltage is controlled locally while reactive power is controlled through transformers, capacitors, SVCs, and other devices.

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    You are on page 1of 18

    Power System Control

    ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials


    Prof. Lou van der Sluis
    21 September 2016

    Delft
    University of
    Technology

    Electrical Power System Essentials

    Introduction (1)

    The customer expects electrical power at constant


    frequency and voltage
    The system load changes continuously
    Electricity can not be stored in large quantities
    Maintaining the balance between generation and
    consumption

    5. Power System Control

    2 | 18
    ET2105

    Introduction (2)

    The active power balance is controlled by generators


    Another method is load shedding
    The reactive power balance is controlled by generators
    and static components
    The synchronous generator plays an important role

    5. Power System Control

    3 | 18
    ET2105

    Increase of Active Power Consumption


    f1 = 50 Hz (3000 RPM)

    Kinetic energy in the rotating parts of the generator and


    turbine are 200 MJ
    Suddenly a 10 MW load is connected. What happens to
    the frequency?
    In 1 second the load consumes 10 MJ more active power P
    The frequency will drop to 48.7 Hz
    5. Power System Control

    4 | 18
    ET2105

    Increase of Reactive Power


    Consumption (1)
    10 kV system:
    P = 2 MW; cos = 0.9
    Xgen = 3

    This results in:


    I = 128 A -26
    Q = 969 kvar

    Suddenly the load consumes Q = 1.5 Mvar and P remains at


    2 MW. What happens?
    The power factor drops to 0.8
    The current becomes I = 146 -37
    The terminal voltage drops with 100 V

    5. Power System Control

    5 | 18
    ET2105

    Increase of Reactive Power


    Consumption (2)

    P remains 2 MW
    Q increases from 969 kvar 1.5 Mvar
    I increases from 128 A -26 147 A -37
    V drops with 100 V
    5. Power System Control

    6 | 18
    ET2105

    Increase of Reactive Power


    Consumption (3)

    S P jQ VI
    I

    V1 1 V2 2
    Z

    V1 1 V2 2
    Z

    5. Power System Control

    7 | 18
    ET2105

    Increase of Reactive Power


    Consumption (4)

    S P jQ V2I
    P Re S

    V1 V2

    Q Im S

    V1 V2

    X
    X

    sin(1 2 )
    cos(1 2 )

    V1 V2
    X
    V2
    X

    (1 2 )
    V2
    X

    ( V1 V2 )

    Conclusion:
    The voltage depends on the reactive power
    The angle of transmission depends on the active power
    5. Power System Control

    8 | 18
    ET2105

    Some Important Conclusions

    The frequency is a common parameter throughout the


    system
    The voltage is controlled locally
    The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage
    amplitude) operate more or less separately

    5. Power System Control

    9 | 18
    ET2105

    The Primary Control


    Speed governor control of a generating unit:

    Speed governor characteristics:

    5. Power System Control

    10 | 18
    ET2105

    The Secondary Control or


    Load Frequency Control
    Power exchange between three control areas

    a) The original (scheduled) situation


    b) Incremental generation after losing 400 MW of generation in
    control area B
    5. Power System Control

    11 | 18
    ET2105

    Voltage Control and Reactive Power (1)


    Automatic voltage control

    5. Power System Control

    12 | 18
    ET2105

    Voltage Control and Reactive Power (2)


    Tap-changing transformer

    5. Power System Control

    13 | 18
    ET2105

    Voltage Control and Reactive Power (3)


    Capacitor banks

    Courtesy of TenneT TSO


    B.V.

    5. Power System Control

    14 | 18
    ET2105

    Reactive Power Injection


    Static Var Compensator (SVC)

    Current through a Thyristor Controlled Reactor


    5. Power System Control

    15 | 18
    ET2105

    Controlling Active Power Flows


    The Phase Shifter

    Phasor diagram of the phase shifter


    5. Power System Control

    16 | 18
    ET2105

    Controlling Reactive Power Flows (1)


    A transmission line with a series capacitor

    5. Power System Control

    17 | 18
    ET2105

    Controlling Reactive Power Flows (2)


    Thyristor-controlled series capacitor

    TCSC reactance as a function of the Thyristor firing


    angle
    18 | 18
    5. Power System Control
    ET2105

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