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    1 Relativity

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    Shobhit Bhardwaj
    1. The document discusses Einstein's theory of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. It explains that Newton's laws are not valid at high speeds approaching the speed of light and introduces Einstein's two postulates: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the motion of the light source. 2. It summarizes attempts to preserve the concept of the luminiferous ether, including the ether drag hypothesis to explain the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but notes this was contradicted by other observations. 3. Key equations from Lorentz transformations

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    1 Relativity

    Uploaded by

    Shobhit Bhardwaj
    18 views35 pages
    1. The document discusses Einstein's theory of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. It explains that Newton's laws are not valid at high speeds approaching the speed of light and introduces Einstein's two postulates: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the motion of the light source. 2. It summarizes attempts to preserve the concept of the luminiferous ether, including the ether drag hypothesis to explain the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but notes this was contradicted by other observations. 3. Key equations from Lorentz transformations

    Original Description:

    how the things get changed according to the frame of reference

    Original Title

    1.Relativity

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    1. The document discusses Einstein's theory of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. It explains that Newton's laws are not valid at high speeds approaching the speed of light and introduces Einstein's two postulates: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the motion of the light source. 2. It summarizes attempts to preserve the concept of the luminiferous ether, including the ether drag hypothesis to explain the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but notes this was contradicted by other observations. 3. Key equations from Lorentz transformations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    18 views35 pages

    1 Relativity

    Uploaded by

    Shobhit Bhardwaj
    1. The document discusses Einstein's theory of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. It explains that Newton's laws are not valid at high speeds approaching the speed of light and introduces Einstein's two postulates: 1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and 2) the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the motion of the light source. 2. It summarizes attempts to preserve the concept of the luminiferous ether, including the ether drag hypothesis to explain the negative results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, but notes this was contradicted by other observations. 3. Key equations from Lorentz transformations

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    STORY

    Relativity

    The coordinate system is known as frame of reference.


    Newtons laws are valid.
    Newtons laws are not valid.

    Ether Hypothesis:

    vt

    GA= ct

    ..(1)

    ..(2)

    From (1) and (2)

    ..(3)

    Total

    If

    (Two Postulates)

    (So no absolute motion, means all


    motions are relative)
    [Covariance in laws of physics]

    [Invariance in speed of light]

    10

    y = y and z = z

    Inverse Lorentz Transformation


    11

    LorentzTransformation
    A reasonable guess about the nature of the correct
    relationship between x and x' is
    x' = k(x vt)..(1)
    Here k is a factor that does not depend upon either x
    or t but may be a function of v.
    The choice of Eq. (1) follows from several
    considerations:
    1.It is linear in x and x' , so that a single event in
    frame S corresponds to a single event in frame S', as
    it must.
    2.It is simple, and a simple solution to a problem
    should always be explored first.
    3. It has the possibility of reducing to Galilean form,
    12
    which we know to be correct in ordinary mechanics.

    13

    14

    15

    Exercise:1

    By Inverse Lorentz transformation

    16

    17

    Frame, than length


    of the rod,
    From equation (2), using Lorentz Inverse Transformation;

    18

    ( x 2 vt )
    2

    v
    1 2
    c

    Hence

    Cases:
    1. When v << c ,

    ( x1 vt )
    2

    v
    1 2
    c

    l l 1

    x1 )
    ( x2
    2

    v
    1 2
    c

    l
    v2
    1 2
    c

    v2
    c2

    l=l

    2. When v c

    l<l

    3. When v = c

    l=0

    4. When v > c

    l = imaginary
    19

    Using Lorentz Transformation

    20

    (3)

    Cases:
    1. When v << c ,
    2. When v c
    3. When v = c
    4. When v > c

    imaginary

    meaningless
    21

    22

    23

    24

    25

    26

    27

    28

    1.

    29

    t2

    30

    2. Principle of constancy of speed of light:


    One way of explaining the negative results of MichelsonMorley
    experiment is to conclude simply that the the measured speed of light
    is the same (i.e c) for all directions in every inertial frame. This
    statement is called the principle of constancy of the speed of light and is
    one of the two fundamental postulates of Einsteins special theory of
    relativity.
    3. The Ether Drag Hypothesis: ( Attempts to preserve the concept
    of ether frame) To explain negative results of Michelson-Morley
    experiments it was considered that ether is carried by the material
    bodies moving through it, i.e ether is dragged by the bodies moving
    through it. And if we consider this hypothesis due to the motion of
    earth, ether is also carried by earth with its own velocity. Thus there
    will be no relative motion between the ether and the earth; hence no
    shift of fringes is obtained in M-M experiment.
    But it was contrary with some experimentally observed
    phenomenon e.g. Stellar aberration and Fizeau convection coefficient.
    31

    # For more details: refer Satya Praksh , Robert & Resnick, A. Beiser

    32

    33

    Velocity Addition:
    them

    Inverse

    34

    Cases:
    (i) When u and v are smaller as compared to c.

    35

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