Reserviors Planning

MODULE- III
RESERVOIR
Prepared by
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Dept. of Civil Engineering
SALITER, Ahmedabad
Content
Types, Investigations, Site selection,
Zones of storage, Safe yield,
Reservoir capacity, Reservoir
sedimentation and control.
What is a Reservoir?
It is an area developed by water body due
to construction of dam.
Tarbela Dam
JungHua Dam (Taiwan)
Storage reservoir serve the following

purpose :
Irrigation
Water supply
Hydroelectric power generation
Flood control
Navigation
Recreation
Development of fish & wild life
Soil conservation
Classification
Storage Reservoirs: Storage reservoirs
are also called conservation reservoirs
because they are used to conserve water.
Storage reservoirs are constructed to store
the water in the rainy season and to
release it later when the river flow is low
Flood Control Reservoirs: A flood
control reservoir is constructed for the
purpose of flood control. It protects the
areas lying on its downstream side from
the damages due to flood.
Retarding Reservoirs: A retarding

reservoir is provided with spillways and
sluiceways which are ungated. The
retarding reservoir stores a portion of the
flood when the flood is rising and releases
it later when the flood is receding.
Detention Reservoirs : A detention
reservoir stores excess water during floods
and releases it after the flood. It is similar
to a storage reservoir but is provided with
large gated spillways and sluiceways to
permit flexibility of operation.
Distribution Reservoirs: A distribution

reservoir is a small storage reservoir to
tide over the peak demand of water for
municipal water supply or irrigation. The
distribution reservoir is helpful in
permitting the pumps to work at a uniform
rate. It stores water during the period of
lean demand and supplies the same
during the period of high demand.
Multipurpose Reservoirs: The are
constructed for more than single purpose.
Balancing Reservoirs: A balancing
reservoir is a small reservoir constructed
Investigations
Engineering surveys
Geological investigations
Hydrological investigations
Engineering surveys
Conducted for dam, reservoir and
other associated work.
Topographic survey of the area is
carried out and the contour plan is
prepared
The horizontal control is usually
provided by triangulation survey, and
the vertical control by precise
Geological investigation
Geological investigations of the dam
and reservoir site are done for the
following purposes.
(i) Suitability of foundation for the
dam.
(ii) Watertightness of the reservoir
basin
(iii) Location of the quarry sites for
the construction materials.
Hydrological investigations
The hydrological investigations are
conducted for the following
purposes :
(i) To study the runoff pattern and
storage capacity.
(ii) To determine the maximum
discharge at the site.
Site selection
Large storage capacity
River valley should be narrow,
length of dam to constructed is
less.
Watertightness of reservoir.
Good hydrological conditions
Deep reservoir
Small submerged area

Low silt inflow
No objectionable minerals
Low cost of real estate
Site easily accessible
Zones of storage
Full reservoir level (FRL): The full

reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water
level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.
Maximum water level (MWL): The
maximum water level is the maximum
level to which the water surface will rise
when the design flood passes over the
spillway.
Minimum pool level: The minimum pool
level is the lowest level up to which the
water is withdrawn from the reservoir
Dead storage: The volume of water held

below the minimum pool level is called the
dead storage. It is provided to cater for the
sediment deposition by the impounding
sediment laid in water. Normally it is
equivalent to volume of sediment
expected to be deposited in the reservoir
during the design life reservoir.
Live/useful storage: The volume of
water stored between the full reservoir
level (FRL) and the minimum pool level is
called the useful storage. It assures the
supply of water for specific period to meet
Bank storage: is developed in the voids

of soil cover in the reservoir area and
becomes available as seepage of water
when water levels drops down. It increases
the reservoir capacity over and above that
given by elevation storage curves.
Valley storage: The volume of water held
by the natural river channel in its valley up
to the top of its banks before the
construction of a reservoir is called the
valley storage. The valley storage depends
upon the cross section of the river.
Flood/Surcharge storage: is storage

contained between maximum reservoir
level and full reservoir levels. It varies with
spillway capacity of dam for given design
flood.
Safe yield
Yield is the volume of water which
can be withdrawn from a reservoir in
a specified period of time.
Safe yield is the maximum quantity
of water which can be supplied from
a reservoir in a specified period of
time during a critical dry year.
Secondary yield: is the quantity of water

which is available during the period of high
flow in the rivers when the yield is more
than the safe yield.
Average yield: The average yield is the
arithmetic average of the firm yield and
the secondary yield over a long period of
time.
Design yield: The design yield is the yield
adopted in the design of a reservoir. The
design yield is usually fixed after
considering the urgency of the water
needs and the amount of risk involved.
Reservoir capacity
depends upon the inflow available
and demand
inflow in the river is always greater
than the demand, there is no storage
required
if the inflow in the river is small but
the demand is high, a large reservoir
capacity is required
The required capacity for a reservoir

can be determined by the following
methods:
1. Graphical method, using mass
curves.
2. Analytical method
Graphical method
1. Prepare a mass inflow curve from the flow
hydrograph of the site for a number of

consecutive years including the most
critical years (or the driest years) when
the discharge is low.
2. Prepare the mass demand curve
corresponding to the given rate of
demand. If the rate of demand is constant,
the mass demand curve is a straight line.
The scale of the mass demand curve
should be the same as that of the mass
3. Draw the lines AB, FG, etc. such that

(i) They are parallel to the mass demand
curve, and
(ii) They are tangential to the crests A, F,
etc. of the mass curve.
4. Determine the vertical intercepts CD. HJ,
etc. between the tangential lines and the
mass inflow curve. These intercepts
indicate the volumes by which the inflow
volumes fall short of demand.
Assuming that the reservoir is full at point

A, the inflow volume during the period AE
is equal to ordinate DE and the demand is
equal to ordinate CE. Thus the storage
required is equal to the volume indicated
by the intercept CD.
5. Determine the largest of the vertical
intercepts found in Step (4). The largest
vertical intercept represents the storage
capacity required.
The following points should be noted.

(i) The capacity obtained in the net
storage capacity which must be available
to meet the demand. The gross capacity of
the reservoir will be more than the net
storage capacity. It is obtained by adding
the evaporation and seepage losses to the
net storage capacity.
(ii) The tangential lines AB, FG; etc. when

extended forward must intersect the
curve. This is necessary for the reservoir
to become full again, If these lines do not
intersect the mass curve, the reservoir will
not be filled again. However, very large
reservoirs sometimes do not get refilled
every year. In that case, they may become
full after 2-3 years.
(iii) The vertical distance such as FL
between the successive tangents
represents the volume of water spilled
Analytical method
capacity of the reservoir is
determined from the net inflow and
demand.
storage is required when the demand
exceeds the net inflow.
the total storage required is equal to
the sum of the storage required
during the various periods.
1. Collect the stream flow data at the

reservoir site during the critical dry period.
Generally, the monthly inflow rates are
required. However, for very large
reservoirs, the annual inflow rates may be
used.
2. Ascertain the discharge to be released
downstream to satisfy water rights or to
honour the agreement between the states
or the cities.
3. Determine the direct precipitation

volume falling on the reservoir during the
month.
4. Estimate the evaporation losses which
would occur from the reservoir The
panevaporation data are normally used for
the estimation of evaporation losses
during the month.
5. Ascertain the demand during various
months.
6. Determine the adjusted inflow during

different months as follows:
Adjusted inflow = Stream inflow +
Precipitation - Evaporation Downstream
Discharge
7. Compute the storage capacity for each
months.
Storage required = Adjusted inflow
Demand
8. Determine the total storage capacity of
the reservoir by adding the storages
Determination of Yield of a Reservoir

The yield from a reservoir of a given
capacity can be determined by the use of
the mass inflow curve
1. Prepare the mass inflow curve from the
flow hydrograph of the river.
2. Draw tangents AB, FG, etc. at the crests
A, F, etc. of the mass inflow curve in such
a way that the maximum departure
(intercept) of these tangents from the
mass inflow curve is equal to the given
reservoir capacity.
3. Measure the slopes of all the

tangents drawn in Step 2.
4. Determine the slope of the flattest
tangent.
5. Draw the mass demand curve
from the slope of the flattest tangent
(see insect). The yield is equal to the
slope of this line
Reservoir Sedimentation
is a difficult problem for which an
economical solution has not yet been
discovered, except by providing a dead
storage to accommodate the deposits
during the life of the dam.
Disintegration, erosion, transportation, and

sedimentation, are the different stages
leading to silting of reservoir.
Causes of sedimentation
Nature of soil in catchment area

Topography of the catchment area
Cultivation in catchment area
Vegetation cover in catchment area
Intensity of rainfall in catchment area
Sediment Management
Maximum efforts should water should
be released so that less sediments
should retain in reservoir. Following
options are:
Catchment Vegetation
Construction of coffer dams/low
height barriers
Flushing and desilting of sediments
Low level outlets / sediment
sluicing
Catchment vegetation
Catchment vegetation
Wooden barriers
Wooden barriers
Stepped watershed for sediment

control
Flushing of sediments from reservoir
Mechanical desilting from reservoir
Sediment sluicing
Sediment sluicing

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MODULE- III

JungHua Dam (Taiwan)

Storage reservoir serve the following

Retarding Reservoirs: A retarding

Distribution Reservoirs: A distribution

Small submerged area

Full reservoir level (FRL): The full

Dead storage: The volume of water held

Bank storage: is developed in the voids

Flood/Surcharge storage: is storage

Secondary yield: is the quantity of water

The required capacity for a reservoir

hydrograph of the site for a number of

3. Draw the lines AB, FG, etc. such that

Assuming that the reservoir is full at point

The following points should be noted.

(ii) The tangential lines AB, FG; etc. when

1. Collect the stream flow data at the

3. Determine the direct precipitation

6. Determine the adjusted inflow during

Determination of Yield of a Reservoir

3. Measure the slopes of all the

Disintegration, erosion, transportation, and

Nature of soil in catchment area

Stepped watershed for sediment

Flushing of sediments from reservoir

Mechanical desilting from reservoir

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