Rural Land Resources Rural Land Resources

RURAL LAND RESOURCES
CONTENTS
PART 1- Caring and sharing the landscape. National
Parks & other protection policies.
PART 2- Karst case study Yorkshire Dales
PART 3- Coastal case study Dorset coast
PART 4- Glaciation case study Lake District

What is assessed in
this unit?
1. The formation of the different scenery again!
2. What are the potential economic and social
opportunities and drawbacks of each landscape?
3. What conflicts arise in these areas?
4. What solutions have been tried to resolve these?
5. How well have they worked?
You MUST be able to quote named examples

More money
to spend on
holidays and
hobbies AFFLUENCE
More interest
in the
country-side
and nature
Better
transportpublic and
privateMOBILITY
Why are people

going to the
countryside more?
Advertising
Advertising
More time away

from work- hourly
and annually
LEISURE TIME
Are National
Parks the only
way of
protecting the
countryside?
Eg; ESAs
Green belts
NNRs
PART 1
No! there are other

methods, some of which
are found in National
Parks as well!
You can be asked about
any of these protective
bodies in the Exam!
Environmentally Sensitive Areas

ESA scheme safeguards the natural landscape,
the wildlife & the history
Use of fertilisers &
pesticides reduced
Wildlife habitats
preserved
Hedges,drystone walls,
farm buildings,
archaelogical remains,
restored/safeguarded
The Lake District ESA

Set up in 1993, because
pastures, meadows & wetlands
were coming under increasing threat
Walls, hedges, barns & woods were
also at risk.
Is the Lake District ESA achieving

success?
58% of farms have entered the scheme
Over 35 miles of stone walls have been
re-built
400 traditional farm buildings have been
restored
Over 40 miles of hedges have been
planted
ESA Scheme - UPDATE

The ESA scheme has now closed to new
applicants and a new
Environmental Stewardship Scheme has
been introduced with the following aims;
To conserve wildlife (biodiversity)
To maintain and enhance landscape quality
& character
To protect the historic environment & natural
resources
To promote public access & understanding of the
countryside
These are special places because of their plants or

animals or habitats, their rocks or landforms, or a
combination of these.
There are more than 8.000 owners & occupiers of
SSSIs in Scotland. Many are privately owned, some
are owned by voluntary bodies (eg NTS) & some are
publically owned (eg FC).They are managed in
agreement with the owners & occupiers & SNH.
The management of a SSSI aims to maintain, or
where past management has deteriorated, restore the
special features of interest.
Protecting & Conserving our Rural Land

Resources
Where do they get their funding

from?

NATIONAL PARKS have the two aims of ; Protecting & enhancing the environment,
scenery and ways of life of the area
Providing & promoting opportunities for
people to experience and enjoy the special
qualities of the NP.
AND A DUTY
To foster the economic & social well-being
of local communities within the NP.
As you might imagine,
these dont always work
well together, and can lead
to CONFLICT !

Why are the National
Parks where they are?
1. They are in areas with great scenery.

2. They are in relatively unpopulated areas.
3. They are within easy travelling distance of major
urban areas.
4. They are areas that will benefit from leisuregenerated income.

Describe & suggest why NPs attract differing nos.of people
(6marks)
Annual visitor nos. vary from 23M(LD&PD) to 1.5M(N)

Sample answer
Generally NPs in the north of England & Wales, with
the exception of N, appear to attract more visitors,
whilst NPs in the south of England attract fewer visitors(3.5Mto E,D
&NF)
NPs with large visitor nos. are easily accessible by motorway and/or
near large centres of population. For example LD,close to M6 &
within 2-3hours driving from Gter Manchester, Glasgow, Tyne & Wear
By contrast NF, although near to London, is not served directly by a
motorway.
Some NPs are more popular than others because of their pulling
Power ie.spectacular scenery,large range of recreational activities or
tourist activities & facilities. The LD provides a huge range of both
Passive & active leisure opportunities to visitors from rock climbing &
water sports to scenic drives, cultural attractions & shopping.
Who
owns the
land in
National
Parks?
What do each
of these
owners do
with the land?
Describe in detail the land ownership of NPs.

Remember to
Why may these patterns make their
include names &
figures.
Management difficult? ( 10MARKS)
Eg:MOD/23%
Hints to answer Q (part1)
Nberland
What do you notice about Water Authority &
MOD
ownership?
Look at FC &
NT ownership
make some
comments
Land Ownership
Of NPs
Comment on NPA ownership
Who owns most land?
Hints to answer Q (part2)
Think about the AIMS of a NP

look back at your notes!
Focus on some named examplesNorthumberland & Lake District are
good choices.

To manage and minimise
conflicts, allowing all land
users a say in the running
of the land, many grant &
subsidy-based rural land
protection schemes are
available
Set aside
ESAs
Farm woodland
scheme
Farm diversification
grant scheme
EU farm
production
quotas
Woodland
grant
scheme
SET ASIDE
Aims to control overproduction of cereals - surplus

crops are expensive to store. Farmers are given a
grant if they agree to NOT cultivate 15% of their
total arable area for a minimum of 5 years.
Impacts - (1) blocks of land left abandoned
(2) more diverse range of crops grown
(3) Diversification being encouraged as more arable
land is taken out of production
Success (1) Jan 2000 10m corridors next to
rivers/lakes to encourage wildlife habitats
(2) numbers of less common bird species eg skylark
have increased
NOV 2007
set aside
subsidy
suspended due
to increased
cereal prices
NOV 2008 -
ENVIRONMENT MINISTER HILARY BENN

FORCED A U-TURN IN BRUSSELS THIS
MORNING - BRITAIN & OTHER
COUNTRIES CAN MAKE PAYMENTS TO
FARMERS CONDITIONAL ON LAND BEING
LEFT FOR BIRDS LIKE SKYLARKS,
YELLOWHAMMERS & LINNETS.
WOODLAND GRANT SCHEME

Aims
to encourage good management of forests &
woodlands
To provide jobs & improve the economy of rural
areas
To provide a use for land instead of agriculture
Success
Between 2000 & 2005 approximately 28 million
new trees were planted
Farm Woodland Scheme

Aims
To improve the landscape, wildlife habitats &
increase biodiversity by encouraging farmers to
plant & maintain woodland through grant
incentives
Success
Trees planted in large numbers offering
shelter, recreational opportunities, wildlife
habitat enhancement & future sources of timber
Woodland
Woodland grant
grant scheme
scheme
&& farm
farm woodland
woodland
scheme
scheme were
were replaced
replaced
in
in 2005
2005 by
by the
the
ENGLISH
ENGLISH WOODLAND
WOODLAND
GRANT
GRANT SCHEME
SCHEME
(EWGS)
(EWGS)

With all this protection,
are National Parks
therefore great places to
live in?
Like with everything else,

there are good and bad
aspects of it. Look at the
next slide to get an idea!

OPPORTUNITIES
We will
re-visit
this in
our
three
case
studies
later in
the
topic.
LIMITATIONS
There are about six

headings that could
be useful here;-
There are about six

headings that could
be useful here;-
I
H
)
P
S
D
G
F
W
(mostly
Q
and C
Supply
R
/
inaccessibility

The three case studies make
up the remainder of the work in this
topic.
Case study
notes
For each of the three scenery types

studied in the Lithosphere unit, you
need to be able to write about certain
things;1. The formation of the different scenery again!
2. What are the potential economic and social opportunities and
drawbacks of each landscape?
3. What conflicts arise in these areas?
4. What solutions have been tried to resolve these?
5. How well have they worked?
In the booklet are the notes for

TWO of the areas. They set the
geographical scene and provide
outlines of the conflicts to be
studied. They are shown in powerpoint
presentations.
.
Case study
notes
For the THIRD area ( The Lake District)

you will be asked to answer a past paper
question, using information from the LD
visit & other sources of information
recommended to you.
Case study of a Karst (carboniferous limestone) area

THE YORKSHIRE DALES
Motorway Links to the Yorkshire

Dales National park
p
o
l
a
i
c
o
S
it
n
u
t
r
o
p
le
ies
a
e
r
u
is
s
n
o
ti
c
a
r
t
t
Economic Opportunities-----FARMING
Farmers
v Conservationists
Many farmers wish to carry out modern farming techniques that
involve the use of machinery, artificial pesticides and
fertilisers. Those modern farming techniques increase yields and
thus profit.
However they can be damaging to the environment. Pesticides
and fertilisers are washed into rivers, polluting them. Machinery
can damage wildlife. This concerns the conservationists.
Farmers also wish to build easy to maintain modern barns in
favour of the traditional stone barns. They want to divide their
fields with modern easy to maintain wire fencing instead of
traditional dry stonewalls. This alters the traditional farming
landscape and concerns conservationists.
Farmers v Tourists
Tourists want access to farmers land,

however farmers often deny this access as
tourists often erode areas and drop litter
that is harmful to livestock.
HOWEVER
Tourists bring money into areas.
This can benefit local farmers as they
can diversify into tourism to supplement
often low incomes
Solutions
Many farmers are being encouraged to diversify into tourism. This

can include modifying old barns and turning them into bunk barns
(cheap accommodation for tourists), opening bed and breakfasts,
using land for campsites and countryside activities. All this benefits
tourists and tourism.
Farmers are often asked to act as Countryside Stewards, educating
the public on how to behave in the countryside.
Farmers are also being asked to open up their land for tourists,
although restrictions can be imposed at certain times of year e.g.
lambing etc, thus reducing conflicts.
Farmers are given grants and subsidies from the government and
E.U to return to traditional farming methods.
Quarrying - Conflicts
Quarrying - Solutions
Quarries have been encouraged to quarry for only half the year.
Tilcon the company that own the Swinden quarry have lowered the
floor of the quarry and screened it with trees to make it less
obtrusive on the landscape.
They have also put covers on their trucks to reduce the spread of
quarry dust.
Tilcon have also updated their rail facilities and a new train has
been introduced. It is estimated that this will take 173 trucks off
the narrow Dales roads each day.
The waste disposal area for the Swinden quarry is to be landscaped.
When they have finished quarrying this area a nature reserve with a
man-made lake will be created.
Tourism Conflicts
Tourists v Locals
Tourists cause traffic congestion in villages and the

narrow Dales roads. They drive slowly while sightseeing
and may stop in inappropriate places. This can cause
problems for local people trying to go about their dayto-day business. Malham village is a place that tourists
visit in large numbers in the summer (the village is
actually home to only 134 people).
Tourists can be noisy and disturb locals.
Tourists buy up second homes that are used at

weekends and holidays. They push the price of
houses up so that young local people cannot
afford to buy houses. An increase in secondhome ownership can result in the closure of
local services as the services are only used
occasionally. This means that potentially local
doctors surgeries, primary schools and grocers
shops may close. In their place tourist shops
and services open up and this disadvantages
remaining locals.
Tourists v Farmers
TOURISTS
trespass on farmers land and may walk on fragile
areas prone to erosion.
drop litter which is dangerous to livestock
leave gates open and animals escape.
are noisy and can disturb livestock.
thoughtlessly park in rural areas.

Tourists
v Conservationists
Tourists erode existing footpaths and create

tracks on hills. These are unsightly and are
damaging to the environment. This is particularly
obvious in the Three Peaks area that includes
Ingleborough. They may also damage vegetation.
Malham Cove, a tourist honey pot, is home to
rare plants.
Tourists drop litter that is unsightly and
dangerous to wildlife.
Tourists can be noisy disturbing

wildlife. Malham Cove for example is
home to breeding Housemartins that
can be disturbed by the large numbers
of visitors to this site.
Most tourists arrive in the national park
in cars. These pollute the atmosphere.
The cars also damage the traditional
limestone walls as they squeeze past
each other on the narrow roads.
Some tourists remove areas of the
limestone as souvenirs (such as
stalactites and stalagmites) or for
garden rockeries (clints).
RURAL LAND
RESOURCES
Tourists
carrying
out different activities
come into conflict with each other----
MALHAM
An example of a rural honeypot.It is a small village at the
southern end of the Yorkshire Dales, whose main
attractions include;
Gordale Scar limestone gorge formed from collapsed cave
system
Malham Cove huge limestone cliff
Janets Foss waterfall
The Pennine Way & many other paths/bridleways pass through
the village, which has a large car park as well as many
small souvenir shops, cafes etc.
RURAL LAND
LAND RESOURCES
RESOURCES
Some other things to do around Malham

Yorkshire Dales Trekking centre where people can
learn to ride the native horse breed the Dales pony.
Town End Farm Shop and Tea room
Sells local produce.
72
The landscape and natural heritage

of Malham has been designated by
English Nature as an SSSI - Site
of Specific Scientific Interest.
LAND RESOURCES
RESOURCES
RURAL LAND
The tourism industry in Malham is very important to

the local economy, providing lots of jobs to the locals,
in areas such as:
Serviced and self catering accommodation.
Cafes, pubs and bars.
Food and specialist shops.
Garages.
72
Case study area 2- Dorset Coast

LOCATION
This area lies on the south coast of England,
between the settlements of Lyme Regis in the east and
Bournemouth in the west, in the county of Dorset.
The southern boundary is the English Channel,to the
north is Somerset & Wiltshire, Hampshire to the east &
Devon to the west.
The area is about 180kms to the SW of London,
accessed by the M3 to Southampton, 80km to the to
the northeast, at Southampton.
M
3
Lyme
Regis
Bournemouth
Swanage
Portland Bill
The physical geography can be divided into 2

geographical zones;1. From Lyme Regis to Portland Bill there is a
depositional coastline, with mostly low clay cliffs &
sandy beaches with pronounced Longshore Drift
resulting in sand spits, bars & tombolos
Conflicts here revolve around the management of
the beach material and controversy abounds as to
how the management of one area affects its
neighbours.
The main conflict centres around West Bay, near Bridport
West
Bay
De
pos
itio
na
lc
oa
st
lin
e

2. From Portland Bill eastwards towards
Swanage. Here there is an erosional coastline, with
tall, more resistant chalk cliffs being eroded and
weathered.
Mass movements occur here frequently.
The conflicts revolve around the management of
tourism so that it maximises the economic and social
opportunities yet minimises the environmental
degradation of the scenery.
The main conflict centres around Lulworth Cove.
LULWORTH COVE

Here is the presentation about the
Lulworth Cove case study.
It starts with an outline of the landscape
and some tourism facts
Do I have to learn
these facts?
No, but any facts that you can quote will

gain you ticks in assessments. Its up to
you !
Lulworth : tourism figures

About 750,000 people visit Lulworth in a year
35% of them come in six weeks during July and August
Only 10 % come during the four winter months November to February
95% of Lulworths visitors are day vistors
The vast majority (over 90%) come by car and coach
The Heritage Centre is Dorsets second most visited tourist attraction and its most
visited free attraction
The footpath between Lulworth and Durdle Door is the busiest 1 mile stretch of the
whole 600 mile SW Coastal Path
What attracts visitors to Lulworth?

95 miles of outstanding scenery and wildlife
habitats e.g. the Cove, Stair Hole, cliff path views,
Durdle Door
It is located on the South West Coastal Path (long
distance footpath similar to West Highland Way)
Good tourist infrastructure includes cafes, hotels,
B and Bs, ice cream kiosks, heritage centre, various
shops, holiday park and youth hostel
West Lulworth is a picturesque village with thatched
cottages and rural ambiance
The nearby fossil forest is an important geological
SSSI
The classic coastal features are of interest to
students of geography and geology

There is a good range of outdoor recreational activities
eg: watersports, beach activities, boat trips,walking
Sites of historical interest eg Corfe Castle
Gateway towns eg Swanage, that have developed as
tourist resorts
Clean & safe (blue flag status) beaches eg: Durdle
Door
Englands first World Heritage Site because area
depicts a geological walk through time' spanning 3
geological periods. Known as The Jurassic Coast

Economic advantages and

disadvantages of tourism
Advantages
Employment opportunities i.e.

job creation
Tourist spending boosts the
local economy
Local population has more
money to spend locally
(multiplier effect)
Local infrastructure is
improved e.g. roads, railways,
leisure facilities, retail
outlets, medical facilities
Improved job opportunities
reduces outmigration from the
area
Disadvantages
Increased traffic congestion

Increases in various forms of
pollution through litter, noise,
vandalism, traffic
Adverse impact on natural
habitats
Increased property prices
squeeze out local buyers
Demands for new property
especially holiday
accommodaton
Jobs created are often
seasonal and not beneficial to
local people
The Jurassic Coast

:
Social and
Economic
Opportunities
VV 05
The Jurassic
Coast
offers
a wide range of social
RURAL
LAND
RESOURCES
and economic opportunities, including
Tourism and recreation

Farming
Port functions e.g. fishing,
marinas
Military land use
Protected land
Farming

Agriculture is the major land
use along the Jurassic coastline.
Most of the cliff top pastures
support sheep grazing and
The
eastern end of the coastline
dairying.
is underlain by chalk and
grazing helps to keep the turf
short and support chalk
downland plants.
Port Functions
RURALboats,
LAND
Fishing
Beer
RESOURCES
Good natural harbours
along the Jurassic coast
hosted a large fishing
fleet in the past. Today,
residual fishing activity
continues from ports
such as Weymouth, Lyme
Regis and here in
picturesque Beer in East
Devon.
The growth of tourism

has acted as a
stimulus for the
development of
leisure sailing
activities.
Developments such as
this large marina at
Weymouth have
appeared as a
Weymouth
Military Land Use

There is a long history of military
use of the Jurassic Coast :
Historically, the most important
site was the naval base at
Portland but this closed in 1999.
The Army Gunnery School at
Lulworth (established during
WW1) is now the most
significant military installation.
30,000 hectares of land to
the east of Lulworth are
used for firing ranges
including heavy tank fire. The ranges occupy cliff top
land which would is not
suited to arable farming.
Adjacent coastal waters do
not encroach on major
Protected Land

The unique quality of the
landscape and its wildlife
habitats merit protection by
many different conservation
agencies.
The local economy
benefits through
the creation of
associated jobs
and the visitors
which are
attracted to the
area.
Who uses the land around Lulworth ?
Local
Estate
Locals
Farmers
Fisherme
n
Tourists
M.O.D
.
Conflicts of Land Use

in and around
the Lulworth Honeypot
VV 05
What are Land Use Conflicts?
Land use conflicts arise when users of the land do not

agree on how it should be used: it takes at least two
sides to have a conflict.
Questions on land use conflicts will ask about-
a)
b)
c)
d)
What land users may be in conflict with one another?

What actual conflicts arise between these groups?
How can the conflicts be resolved?
How successful are the solutions? You are asked to
assess or evaluate
These questions will be considered in the context of

the Lulworth Honeypot
Case study of tourism-related conflicts in

and around Lulworth
Tourists may find themselves

in conflict with the following
groups :
The Ministry of Defence
Local people (including Lulworth estate, the
major local landowner)
The Local Authority
Environmentalists
The M.O.D. v Tourists

Examples of Conflicts:
What might the MOD

complain about regarding
the tourists?
Tourists are denied access

to large areas around
Lulworth for much of the
year because of necessary
military activity
Tourists complain about :

a) general access difficulties when roads are closed
b) restrictions which the ranges impose on walkers
MOD v Tourists
Habitat
preservation
The MOD does permit access to the ranges at various
times. However, problems of access mean there are
fewer visitors. However, this helps to preserve the
downland and heathland habitats and the ranges have
become a reserve for wildlife and an attraction for
tourists.
M.O.D. resolve the conflict by:

Permitting access to the ranges at
weekends and busy holiday periods
Keeping roads open during the busiest
holiday periods
Noise levels associated with firing are much
reduced at these times
They also argue that limiting public access has helped to
preserve the area and restrict developments which might have
made the area less attractive to some tourists. Their access
limitations mean that some stretches of the coastline are only
accessible to people who are prepared to walk. This helps to
preserve quiet stretches on the coastline.
Tourists v the Local Community
Congestion,
noise and
pollution
Local people complain about

Congestion : the road to
Lulworth Cove is narrow and it
is a dead end so this part of
the village has to absorb all
traffic.
Noise and litter : the traditional

character of the village is spoiled
during the summer tourist months
by vehicle noise and indiscriminate
litter dropping.
Inconsiderate parking :
creates access problems
for local people

Litter : this creates visual pollution and is a
threat to wildlife
Visual intrusion :
the holiday park
which is managed
by the Lulworth
Estate is
unsightly and out
of keeping with
the landscape

Unsightly tourist shops :
these are not in keeping
with the character of the
village.
Local people also complain
that other shops raise
prices during the tourist
season.
Second homes : many

houses are bought as
second homes and lie
empty for much of the
year. House prices
become inflated meaning
that it is difficult for local
people to buy property.
Tourists v Local
Community
The tourist industry

provides employment for
local people,brings money
& improved services into
the local economy

How can some of these problems be solved?
The Lulworth Estate manages a car park
which accommodates over 500 vehicles on
hard standing and in overflow areas
A mini roundabout has been constructed to
provide easy access to the car park
The estate also subsidises a bus service
from the local railway station to encourage
visitors not to come by car
Car parking charges
are high. Visitors
may choose to avoid
this by more
indiscriminate
parking.

Local Landowner v Tourists The principal
local landowner, the
Lulworth Estate,
uses car park
revenue to :
a)fund a range of
facilities for
tourists
b)fund conservation
schemes e.g.
footpath
maintenance and
grassland
management
They also employ a
Farmers v Conservationists
High stocking rates
threaten downland
(chalkland)vegetation
Farmers v Conservationists
Farmers are encouraged to join
schemes such as Countryside
Stewardship. Farmers receive
payments in return for lower
stocking rates and for work to
restore chalk grassland. They
also have to grant educational
access to their land.
Most of the tenant farmers on
the Lulworth Estate receive
Countryside Stewardship grants.
Managed grassland in Scratchy

Bottom dry valley

Environmentalists and conservation groups
complain that tourists cause ..
Footpath erosion : This is
particularly obvious on the
path from Lulworth to
Durdle Door -one of the
most heavily walked paths
in Britain
Chalk grassland vegetation is very

fragile. Trampling reveals thin soils
which are easily eroded. The steep
slopes above Lulworth and down to
Durdle Door increase erosion rates.
Resolving the conflicts between tourists

and environmentalists
Tourist car parking revenue is used by Lulworth Estate to fund :
1. Free admission
to the Heritage
a
Centre which offers a range of
displays, including interpretative boards
to encourage environmental conservation
through public education. Also a
programme of talks and guided walks
2. The Countryside Ranger Service

- two full time rangers employed to
undertake a wide range of coastal
management duties.

3. Footpath maintenance much work has
been carried out to halt and prevent
further erosion.
Lulworth to Durdle Door path been
rerouted, reseeded and new waymarking
inserted.
New timber steps
have been built on
the steep paths at
Durdle Door
The existing
path has been
reinforced with
local limestone
cobbles and
steps

Other environmentally friendly policies
employed by the estate in its management of
tourism.
The one ice cream kiosk has to
be towed away every night
Durdle Door beach is

intentionally un-commercial
Litter bins are not provided visitors are encouraged to take
litter away
Climbing on the cliffs is banned to prevent damage to the fragile
chalk and limit disturbance to wildlife
Fossil collecting is not permitted on the cliffs
There are plans to visually screen the holiday park

How effective is the
path maintenance?
Resurfacing encourages more
walkers!
The whiteness of the path is an
unnatural scar on the landscape.
Steps are unnatural and

walkers often choose to avoid
them by walking on the grass
verge

Local landowner v Environmentalists
and Local Residents
This large and very visible holiday park, run by the

Lulworth Estate, is seen by many to be a blot on the
landscape

When discussing tourism, remember..
Large numbers of visitors bring significant benefits to a rural
area which traditionally relied on fishing and farming to
sustain the economy
Tourism provides substantial full time and seasonal employment
Tourism brings revenue into the local economy
This results in greater social stability for the local population
Funds generated by tourism provide the Lulworth estate with
capital for investment at the Cove and for general Estate
improvements

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