Gas Welding: Dr. Vishvesh J. Badheka, Associate Professor, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

Gas welding
Dr. VISHVESH J. BADHEKA,

Associate Professor, School of
Technology,
Gas welding
Gas welding is one of the oldest methods of welding
and, for many years, was the most widely used
method of metal-melting; however, its use is a lot
less common today.
Nevertheless, it is a versatile method, using simple
and relatively cheap equipment.
It is suitable for repair and erection work, for welding
pipes/tubes and structures with a wall thickness of
0.54 mm in materials particularly prone to cracking,
such as cast iron and non-ferrous metals.
It is also widely used for cladding and hardfacing.
The heat is generated by the combustion of acetylene in

oxygen, which gives a flame temperature of about 3100
C.
This is lower than the temperature of an electric arc, and
the heat is also less concentrated.
The flame is directed onto the surfaces of the joint, which
melt, after which filler material can be added as necessary.
The melt pool is protected from air by the reducing zone
and the outer zone of the flame.
The flame should therefore be removed slowly when the
weld is completed.
The less concentrated flame results in slower

cooling, which is an advantage when welding
steels that have a tendency to harden, although it
does make the method relatively slow, with
higher heat input and the added risk of thermal
stresses and distortion.
In addition to welding, gas flames are also often
used for cutting, and are very useful for heating
and flame straightening.
Equipment
Figure. A gas welding set.

A set of equipment as shown in Figure consists
essentially of gas bottles, pressure regulators, gas
hoses, flashback arresters and welding torches.
Welding gases and their

storage
Gas bottles for combustible gases must be stored
outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
Special warning signs must be displayed on the
outside of the storage area.
Acetylene and oxygen bottles must be kept well
apart.
Acetylene
Acetylene (C2H2) is the fuel gas for gas welding.
It consists of 92.3 % of carbon by weight, and 7.7 %
of hydrogen.
Its combustion in oxygen produces a higher
combustion temperature than that of any other
hydrocarbon gas.
In addition, its flame is the most concentrated in
comparison with other gases.
Acetylene ignites very easily, and produces an

explosive mixture in air over a wide range of
concentrations (2.3-82 %). Check carefully that
there are no leaks.
Acetylene is chemically unstable under pressure,
even without the presence of air and, under certain
conditions, it can explosively decompose to its
constituents (carbon and hydrogen).
To enable the gas to be stored, the bottles are filled
with a porous mass, saturated with acetone, which
absorbs the gas when it is filled.
The pressure in the bottles is 2 MPa. However,
explosive decomposition can occur in the pipes from
the bottle if the pressure exceeds 1.5 MPa.
TABLE. Important characteristics of fuel

gases.
Oxygen
Oxygen is stored as a compressed gas or liquid. In
bottles, it is usually stored at a pressure of 20 MPa.
Large users usually receive the gas in liquid form.
Make sure that all connections are clean and tight,
in order to avoid leakage.
Never apply oil or grease to connections.
Pressure regulators
The purpose of the pressure regulator is to reduce
the high and variable pressure in the bottle to a
suitable working pressure.
It keeps the gas flow rate constant throughout the
life of the bottle charge, despite any variations in
back pressure caused by the heating of the
welding torch.
Gas hoses
Gas hoses are colour-coded: red for acetylene and
blue for oxygen.
In addition, in order to protect against mistakes,
the acetylene connection has a left-hand thread,
while the oxygen connection has a right-hand
thread.
Flashback arrester
A flashback means that the flame burns
backwards into the torch with a popping sound.
It occurs if the combustion speed of the flame
exceeds the speed at which the gas is being
supplied, so that the flame front moves
backwards.
A flashback arrester fitted at the regulator
prevents a flashback from going any further back.
The reason for a flashback occurring is that a

mixture of oxygen and acetylene has occurred in
the hoses, e.g. by oxygen having entered the
acetylene hose and formed an explosive mixture.
The flashback arrester prevents the flame from
reaching the acetylene bottle and triggering an
explosive decomposition.
Welding torches
One can distinguish between two types of welding
torches: injector torches for low pressure
acetylene and high pressure torches.
In high pressure torches, the acetylene and
oxygen flows are self-powered by the pressure in
their storage bottles, and mix in the mixing
chamber section of the torch.
In low-pressure torches, the oxygen flows into the
torch through a central jet, producing an injection
effect that draws in acetylene from the
surrounding peripheral connection.
Figure. Gas welding torch.
From here, the gases continue to the mixing section

to combustion.
Gas flames
The basic requirement for a good weld is that the
size and type of the flame should be suited to the
type of work.
The size of the flame depends on the size of the
torch nozzle and on the pressure of the gases
flowing through it.
This pressure should be maintained within certain
limits. If it exceeds the normal pressure, there will be
a considerable jet effect and the flame will become
'hard'. Below the correct pressure, the jet effect will
be reduced and the flame will be 'soft'.
Figure. A normal welding flame.

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are formed in
the innermost reaction zone.
They produce a reducing zone (in the middle),
with combustion continuing in the outer zone with
oxygen from the surrounding air.
There are three different types of flames,

depending on their chemical effect on the melt
pool.
neutral,
carburizing, and
oxidizing.
Neutral flame
The normal flame is that which is used most. It
(previous Figure.) is easily recognized by the three
clearly distinguished combustion zones.
The innermost zone, the cone, is a mixing zone and
glows white. Acetylene is burning here, to form
carbon monoxide and hydrogen which produce a
colourless tongue around the cone.
This second zone is chemically reducing, and so it
reduces any metal oxides and keeps the melt pool
clean.
The outer, blue zone of the flame is where carbon

monoxide and hydrogen are burning with oxygen
from the air, forming the final combustion
products of carbon dioxide and water vapour.
It prevents oxygen in the air from coming into
contact with the molten metal, and so acts as a
shielding gas.
The carburizing flame

If the proportion of acetylene in a neutral flame is
increased, there is insufficient oxygen to burn the
surplus acetylene in the core zone.
The acetylene therefore continues to the second zone,
where it appears as a highly luminous yellow-white
flame.
To some extent, the length of second zone indicates
the amount of excess acetylene.
Figure. Carburizing flame.
The oxidizing flame

If the quantity of oxygen in the weakly reducing
flame is further increased, the flame changes to
an oxidizing flame.
The core length is reduced, and the flame takes
on a violet tinge with low luminosity.
Figure. Oxidizing flame.
Forehand and backhand welding

Two different methods of welding are used when
gas welding:
1. forehand and
2. backhand.
The flame in forehand welding is directed away
from the finished weld, while in backhand welding it
is directed towards it (Figure.)
Thin sheet metal (less than 3 mm) is normally
carried out using forehand welding.
This method is generally used for non-ferrous
metals, although thicker materials can also be
backhand welded.
Steel over 3 mm thick should be backhand welded,

as the size of the melt pool is so large, when welding
thick materials, that the gases and slag cannot
escape from the pool without assistance.
Backhand welding is faster than forehand welding,
and so the work piece is subjected to high
temperature for a shorter time.
As a result, backhand welding thick materials have a
finer crystalline structure and retain their toughness
better than would have been the case if they had
been forehand welded.
Figure. Forehand welding (left) and backhand welding
Flux is used when welding easily oxidized

materials, where the welding flame itself is
insufficient to prevent oxides forming.
This is likely to be the case when welding
stainless steels and non-ferrous metals.
The flux is brushed onto the joint surfaces before
welding, and must be thoroughly removed after
welding in order to prevent corrosion.
Benefits of gas welding

Gas welding is very suitable for welding pipes
and tubes, it is both effective and economic for
applications such as HVAC systems, for the following
reasons:
The ability to even out the temperature in the weld at
low temperatures.
Slow heating and cooling can avoid the risk of hardening.
Metal thicknesses up to about 6 mm can be welded with
an I-joint.
Speed, as only one pass is needed.
Filler wires can be changed without having to

pause for grinding.
Good control of melting, as the welder can see at
all times that he has the desired pear-shaped
opening in the bottom of the melt pool.
Root defects are avoided by taking care to ensure
good burn-through.
Pipes and tubes often have to be welded in very
confined spaces.
In such cases, gas welding is often preferable, bearing

in mind the less bulky protective equipment required
(goggles, as against a normal arc welding helmet or
visor, and compact torch) to perform the work.
The equipment is easy to transport and requires no
electricity supply.
It is possible to use the light from the flame to locate
the joint before welding starts.
The size of the HAZ can be reduced by surrounding
the weld area with damp (fireproof!) material.
Application
Other applications for gas welding include
welding of hot water pipes, gas bottles, nuclear
heat exchangers and boilers.
Warning
Note the risk of fire when carrying
out temporary welding or cutting work in
the vicinity of flammable materials or
parts of buildings.

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Gas welding

Dr. VISHVESH J. BADHEKA,

The heat is generated by the combustion of acetylene in

The less concentrated flame results in slower

Figure. A gas welding set.

Welding gases and their

Acetylene ignites very easily, and produces an

TABLE. Important characteristics of fuel

The reason for a flashback occurring is that a

Figure. Gas welding torch.

From here, the gases continue to the mixing section

Figure. A normal welding flame.

There are three different types of flames,

The outer, blue zone of the flame is where carbon

The carburizing flame

Figure. Carburizing flame.

The oxidizing flame

Forehand and backhand welding

Steel over 3 mm thick should be backhand welded,

Figure. Forehand welding (left) and backhand welding

Flux is used when welding easily oxidized

Benefits of gas welding

Filler wires can be changed without having to

In such cases, gas welding is often preferable, bearing

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