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    The Origin of Clays

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    wahidin
    Clays are formed through the weathering of silica-rich igneous rocks like granite. This involves chemical decomposition and physical disintegration of the rocks over time. Clays exist in two forms - residual clays formed near the original parent rock, and sedimentary clays transported farther away. The formation of clay minerals occurs primarily through three mechanisms - inheritance from the parent rock, neoformation through precipitation, and transformation via chemical reactions. The environment of formation, whether weathering, sedimentary, or hydrothermal, influences which mechanism is dominant. There is ongoing debate around whether clay minerals originate detritally from the parent rock or form through diagenesis after deposition.

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    The Origin of Clays

    Uploaded by

    wahidin
    30 views33 pages
    Clays are formed through the weathering of silica-rich igneous rocks like granite. This involves chemical decomposition and physical disintegration of the rocks over time. Clays exist in two forms - residual clays formed near the original parent rock, and sedimentary clays transported farther away. The formation of clay minerals occurs primarily through three mechanisms - inheritance from the parent rock, neoformation through precipitation, and transformation via chemical reactions. The environment of formation, whether weathering, sedimentary, or hydrothermal, influences which mechanism is dominant. There is ongoing debate around whether clay minerals originate detritally from the parent rock or form through diagenesis after deposition.

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    Theoriginofclay 120301053947 Phpapp01 (1)

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    Theoriginofclay 120301053947 Phpapp01 (1)

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    Clays are formed through the weathering of silica-rich igneous rocks like granite. This involves chemical decomposition and physical disintegration of the rocks over time. Clays exist in two forms - residual clays formed near the original parent rock, and sedimentary clays transported farther away. The formation of clay minerals occurs primarily through three mechanisms - inheritance from the parent rock, neoformation through precipitation, and transformation via chemical reactions. The environment of formation, whether weathering, sedimentary, or hydrothermal, influences which mechanism is dominant. There is ongoing debate around whether clay minerals originate detritally from the parent rock or form through diagenesis after deposition.

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    30 views33 pages

    The Origin of Clays

    Uploaded by

    wahidin
    Clays are formed through the weathering of silica-rich igneous rocks like granite. This involves chemical decomposition and physical disintegration of the rocks over time. Clays exist in two forms - residual clays formed near the original parent rock, and sedimentary clays transported farther away. The formation of clay minerals occurs primarily through three mechanisms - inheritance from the parent rock, neoformation through precipitation, and transformation via chemical reactions. The environment of formation, whether weathering, sedimentary, or hydrothermal, influences which mechanism is dominant. There is ongoing debate around whether clay minerals originate detritally from the parent rock or form through diagenesis after deposition.

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    THE ORIGIN OF

    CLAYS
    But why clayIt is important to know where we are coming
    from , since the course of study in MNA/IMACS
    centers on clay and clay minerals basically

    How are clays formed


    Clays are formed from weathering of silica rich
    rocks e.g Granite
    Processes of Formation-Weathering of the silica rich rock
    -bedrock weathering
    -transporting of the weathered rocks
    -Sedimentary processes
    -Incorporation of Carbonates

    Requirements
    - ReactionTime
    - Igneous Rocks (Intrusive Igneous Rocks)
    -Geological Factor
    -Agents of Transportation
    Agents of Weathering
    -Alteration of Chemical composition
    -Pressure
    -Temperature

    Types of Clays Based on


    Origin
    1-Residual Clays-not far from parent rock
    2-Sedimentary Clays -far from parent

    material
    Residual Clay

    (primary clays)Non
    plastic,white,e.g kaolin
    Sedimentary Clay (secondary clays)Plastic,grey,darker,smaller paricles and
    uniform e.g ball clay,fire clay

    Residual clays are formed basically


    by surface weathering
    This gives clays in 3 ways
    -chemical decomposition of rocks
    -solution of rocks(limestone)containing clayey

    impurities which are insoluble


    -disintergration and solution of shales
    But the most common process of clay

    formation is the decompostion of feldspar

    SOME INTRUSIVE ROCKS


    Coarse Grains-slow cooling
    Clays are not formed from Extrusive rocks

    Diorite

    Granite

    Granite pegmatite

    Gabbro

    Mechanisms of clay minerals


    formation
    -Inheritance
    -Neoformation
    -Transformation
    The 3 mechanisms operating in 3 geological

    systems
    -Weathering
    -Sedimentary
    - Diagenetic hydrothermal

    Inheritance
    Another area reaction
    Stable
    Natural deposit
    Previous stage in rock cycle reaction
    Dominace in sedimentary environments

    Neoformation
    Clays precipitation from solution
    Reaction of amorphous material

    Neoformation
    Secondary precipitates of calcite , sulphates ,

    Fe
    Affirmation of permafrost
    Structural and mineralogical changes are
    irreversible and affect present soils
    Understanding of quartenary environmentneeds assessment of possible frozen ground

    Transformation
    Possesion of inherited structure
    Chemical reactions-ions exchanged and

    modification of cations (layer transformation)


    1)ion exchange between losely bound ion
    and those of environments
    2)layer transformation modification of
    arrangement of octahedral, tetrahedral and
    interlayer cations
    Dominance in diagenetic-hydrothermal
    environments

    The best mechanism


    Layer transformation
    Result of this type of reaction are better

    preserved in geological records

    Environment of formation
    1)Weathering zone
    Upper zone of the earth crust T and P varies
    Short reaction time
    2)Sedimentary environment-long reaction

    time(sedimentation,subsidence)
    -near or below sea level
    Sediment-water interface
    -low temperature
    Pressure (1 kb )

    Diagenetic hydrothermal
    -zones in contact with hot water
    -wide range of environmental conditions

    Incresing energy required


    Mechnism/
    environme
    nts
    sedimentary
    weathering
    Diagenesishydrotherm
    al

    inheritanc
    e

    neoformati transforma
    on
    tion

    CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE OF
    DETRITAL VS DIAGENESIS
    ORIGIN OF CLAYS
    DETRITAL OR DIAGENESIS

    Detrital-reflection of character of source

    material, inheritance of basic clay mineral


    lattice
    Diagenesis-adsorption of cation and its
    modification

    Application of XRD in Detrital vs


    Diagenesis controversy
    -Collection of thousands of samples

    -to illustrate the variety of clay under similar


    environmental conditions
    -variety of environments in which same clay
    minerals occur

    XRD OF ORGANIC AND PYRITE RICH


    SHALES
    -No particular clay mineral is restricted to a

    particular environments
    -dominance of kaolinite in fluviate
    environment
    -illite ,monmorillionite
    abundance,frequency,sole clay mineral in all
    environments
    -chlorite not a dominant mineral
    -non marine shales are seldom,if ever
    monomineralic

    interpretation
    -clay minerals do not originate from

    depositional environments
    -they are detrital in origin
    -though they are altered(degraded) in fluviate
    and subaerial environments
    But little evidence of alteration in major basin
    of deposition to show that it is a major factor
    in defining the ultimate mineralogic character
    of clay

    TYPES OF CLAYS BASED ON


    GROUPS
    -KAOLINITE
    -MONTMORILLIONITE
    -SMECTITE
    -ILLITE
    -CHLORITE

    BASED ON GENERAL COMPOSITION


    AND PROPERTIES
    -KAOLIN-consist mainly of kaolinite
    -BENTONITE-majorly monmorillionite,hardens

    when mixed with water


    -BALL CLAY-kaolinite, mica
    -FIRE CLAY-kaolinite,
    feoxide,magnesia,alkalines,can resist high
    temp
    -COMMON CLAY-no resistance to heat, has
    impurities than fire clay
    -ARMENIAN BOLE-attapulgite

    Bibliography
    Clay mineral formation and transformation in

    rocks and soils by D.D EBERL , US Geological


    survey
    A discussion on the origin of clay minerals in
    sedimentary rocks by Charles .E Weaver, Shell
    Oil Co,Houston,Texas
    Identification of Clay minerals by Xray
    Diffraction Analysis by George W Brindley
    The origin of clay minerals in soilsand
    weathered rocks, www.springer.com
    Clay types, geologic origins by ARTS 186

    NOW THAT WE KNOW WHERE WE ARE

    COMING FROM , WE CAN IDENTIFY WHERE WE


    ARE GOING TO

    THANKS FOR LISTENING


    MERCI POUR VOTRE ATTENTION

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