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    Conservation of Biodiversity

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    Viswa Nathan
    The document discusses biodiversity conservation in India. It defines endangered and endemic species and lists some examples of each found in India. It explains the need for conservation of biodiversity and the two main methods: in-situ conservation, which protects species within their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining species outside their natural habitats in controlled environments like zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. The key objectives and factors affecting endangered and endemic species in India are also outlined.

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    Conservation of Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    Viswa Nathan
    154 views48 pages
    The document discusses biodiversity conservation in India. It defines endangered and endemic species and lists some examples of each found in India. It explains the need for conservation of biodiversity and the two main methods: in-situ conservation, which protects species within their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining species outside their natural habitats in controlled environments like zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. The key objectives and factors affecting endangered and endemic species in India are also outlined.

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    About Conservation of Biodiversity

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    The document discusses biodiversity conservation in India. It defines endangered and endemic species and lists some examples of each found in India. It explains the need for conservation of biodiversity and the two main methods: in-situ conservation, which protects species within their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining species outside their natural habitats in controlled environments like zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. The key objectives and factors affecting endangered and endemic species in India are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    154 views48 pages

    Conservation of Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    Viswa Nathan
    The document discusses biodiversity conservation in India. It defines endangered and endemic species and lists some examples of each found in India. It explains the need for conservation of biodiversity and the two main methods: in-situ conservation, which protects species within their natural habitats through protected areas like biosphere reserves and national parks, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining species outside their natural habitats in controlled environments like zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks. The key objectives and factors affecting endangered and endemic species in India are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 48
    At a glance
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    The document discusses conservation of biodiversity through in-situ and ex-situ methods. It provides examples of endangered, endemic and other species of India and factors affecting them.

    Endangered species are those whose numbers have reduced critically while endemic species are found only in a particular region. Examples of both from India are provided.

    The two methods of conserving biodiversity are in-situ conservation which is within natural habitats and ex-situ conservation which is outside natural habitats like zoos, gene banks etc.

    Breathing

    Endangered and endemic species of IndiaConservation of biodiversity: In-situ and exsitu conservation of biodiversity
    Prerequisite Knowledge
    Biodiversity
    Threats to biodiversity

    General Objective:
    Students will be able to understand the need and two methods
    of conserving the biodiversity

    Specific Objectives
    Students will be able to
    recall the endangered and endemic species of India (S)
    recognize the importance of conservation of biodiversity (S)
    explain the two methods of conservation of biodiversity (T)
    sketch a mind map for the conservation methods of
    biodiversity

    SO-1

    Endangered species
    A species is endangered, when its number
    has been reduced to a critical level.
    Unless it is protected and conserved, it is
    in immediate danger of extinction.
    Eg. Giant panda, Siberian tiger, Mountain gorilla, African
    elephant, etc.,

    SO-1

    RED data book


    Contains list of endangered species of
    plants & animals.
    Gives warning signal for those species
    which are endangered and if not protected
    they become extinct in near future.

    The terms alpha, beta, and gamma


    diversity were all introduced by R. H. Whittaker
    to describe the spatial component of
    biodiversity.
    Imagine that you have a landscape containing
    of a number of separate sites and habitats.
    Alpha diversity is just the diversity of each site
    (local species pool).
    Beta diversity represents the differences in
    species composition among sites.
    Gamma diversity is the diversity of the entire
    landscape (regional species pool).

    Point richness
    It refers to the number of species that can
    be found at a single point in a given
    space.

    SO-1

    Green & Blue book


    Green book:
    List of rare plants growing in protected area

    Blue book:
    Endangered species of the world

    SO-1

    Tortoise

    Green sea turtle

    Python

    SO-1

    Peacock

    Siberian white crane


    Pelican

    SO-1

    Tiger
    Indian lion

    Desert cat
    Red fox

    SO-1

    Lion-tailed macaque
    Hoolock gibbon

    Golden monkey

    SO-1

    Rauvol fia serpentina

    Santalum

    SO-1

    Factors affecting endangered species


    Pollution
    Over exploitation
    Climate change

    SO-1

    Endemic species
    Species which are found only in a
    particular region are endemic species
    Eg, 1.Sapria himalayana, 2.Ovaria lurida,
    3.Nepenthes khasiana,
    1.Monitor lizards, 2.reticulated python,
    3.Indian salamander, 4.Viviparous toad

    SO-1
    1

    SO-1

    SO-1

    Factors affecting endemic species

    Habitat loss
    Fragmentation
    Pollution

    SO-1

    Some other definitions


    Extinct species- A species said to be
    extinct & not known during past 50 years
    Vulnerable species- likely to move into
    endangered category
    Rare species- small population at risk
    Threatened species- General term for all
    the above

    SO-2

    Biodiversity
    Conservation

    Conservation

    SO-2

    Conservation

    is

    defined

    as

    the

    management of human use of the biosphere


    so that it may yield the greatest sustainable
    benefit to the present generation while
    maintaining its potential to meet the
    needs

    and

    generations.

    aspirations

    of

    the

    future

    SO-2

    Need for conservation


    Immediate benefits reclamation &
    tourism
    Drugs, herbs, food and other important
    raw materials
    To preserve genetic and ecological
    diversity
    To ensure sustainable utilization

    FA-1
    1. Endemic species are mostly (U)
    a. Confined to a particular locality
    b. Whose number is largest
    c. Which are available in western ghats
    d. Which flower annualy
    2. . contain list of endangered species of plants & animals
    a. Red data book
    b. Blue book
    c. Green book
    d. White book

    SO-3

    Conservation of Biodiversity:
    The convention on Biological Diversity held in June,
    1992 stressed the need of the conservation of
    Biodiversity
    for
    sustainable
    development
    and
    perpetuation of human beings on earth.
    The two basic approaches to wildlife conservation in
    protected habitats are:
    1) In- situ conservation and
    2) Ex- situ conservation.

    SO-3

    Types of biodiversity
    conservation

    1. In- situ conservation


    2. Ex- situ conservation

    SO-3

    SO-3

    In- situ conservation

    Protecting fauna and flora within its


    natural habitat, where the species
    normally

    occurs

    is

    In-

    situ

    conservation
    Eg: Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wildlife
    sanctuaries, etc.,

    SO-3

    In- situ conservation:


    It simply means conservation of species in its natural
    ecosystem or even in man made ecosystems.
    This strategy emphasizes protection of total ecosystem
    through a network of protected area.
    Protected Areas: an area of land and/or sea specially
    dedicated

    to

    the

    protection

    and

    maintenance

    of

    biological diversity and managed through legal effective


    means.

    SO-3

    There are different categories of protected areas


    which are managed with different objectives. These
    include; Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wild
    Life Sanctuaries etc.
    At present we have 11 major biosphere reserves, 80
    National parks, 420 wildlife sanctuaries in our
    country covering 4% of the geographic area.
    The JIM CORBETT National Park was 1st national
    park established in India.
    What is Difference among Biosphere reserves,
    National parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries ?

    SO-3

    Wildlife sanctuaries

    SO-3

    Examples of Biosphere reserves of India:


    1.Nilgiri- 5,520 sq.km
    2.Nanda Devi- 5,860.69 sq. km
    3.Manas 2837 sq. km
    4.Gulf of Mannar 10,500 sq. km
    5.Great Nicobar 885 sq. km
    6.Panchmarhi 4,926.28 Sq Km
    Examples of some National park in India
    1.Kaziranga- Assam, Gir National Park- Gujarat, Periyar Kerala,
    Sariska Rajasthan
    Examples of some Wild Life Sanctuaries of India:
    1.Ghana Bird sanctuaries
    2.Hazaribagh sanctuaries
    3.Abohar wild life sanctuaries
    4.Jaldapara wild life sanctuaries
    5.Mudamalai wild life sanctuaries

    SO-3

    Merits:
    Cheap & convenient
    Species gets adjusted to natural disasters

    Demerits:
    A large surface area is required
    Maintenance of habitat is not proper

    SO-3

    Ex- situ conservation:


    It is defined as the conservation of component of
    biological diversity (Sample of genetic diversity,
    particularly of endangered species) outside their natural
    habitats.
    It involves maintenance and breeding of endangered
    plant and animal species under partially or wholly
    controlled conditions. E.g. Zoos, Botanical Gardens,
    Aquaria, Nurseries, DNA bank, Seed bank, Gene bank
    etc.

    Tissue and cell culture

    Zoological gardens

    SO-3

    Role of Ex-situ conservation

    Involves maintenance and breeding of


    endangered plant ant animal species
    under controlled conditions.
    Identifies species which are at the verge of
    extinction.
    Prefers species which are more important
    to man in near future among the
    endangered species.

    SO-3

    There are more than 800 zoos around the


    world with about 3,000 species of
    mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
    There are more than 1500 Botanical
    gardens in the world containing more than
    80,000 species.

    SO-3

    In India, we have many gene bank. The important ones

    are:
    National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources (NBPGR),

    New Delhi:
    Agricultural and horticultural crops and their wild

    varieties are preserved by cryo-preservation of seeds


    (at -196 C in Liquid Nitrogen), pollen etc.
    National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository

    (NFPTCR) at NBPGR Campus New Delhi:


    It has been set up for the development of a facility of

    conservation of varieties of crop plants/ trees by tissue


    culture.

    SO-3

    Merits
    Increase in survival of endangered species.
    Animals are assured food, water, shelter
    and security hence longer life time.
    Demerits
    Expensive method.
    Freedom of wildlife is lost.
    These animals cannot survive in natural
    environment.
    Can be adopted for only few species.

    SO-3
    Discussion:
    The students will be asked to discuss the relevant topic among their team/other
    team/Faculty. The students those who have not taken part will be noted and kindle them to
    do.

    FA-2
    1. An example of ex-situ conservtion is (U)
    a. Biosphere reserve
    b. Gene bank
    c. Sanctuary
    d. National park
    2. The biosphere reserve spread over kerala, karnataka and Tamil nadu is called (R)
    a. Nilgiris
    b. Nanda devi
    c. Gulf of mannar
    d. Great nicobar
    3. NBPGR is (U)
    a. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
    b. National Bio Plant Genetic Resources
    c. National Biological Plant Genetic Resources
    d. National Bureau of Plant Resources

    Summary:
    A.Introduction
    Endangered and endemic species of India
    Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
    Documentation of the endangered flora and fauna in your native place

    Assessment through Stimulating questions/Analogy/New ideas and Concepts:


    1.Why is it harmful to keep animals in zoo's?
    2.Liquid hydrogen cannot be used in the preservation of plant/animal genes. Justify.
    3.Why more of advertisements are telecasted for saving tigers?

    References: (Books/Periodicals/Journals)
    1.Anubha Kaushik, C.P. Kaushik, Environmental Science and Engineering, 4th Multi
    Colour Edtion, New Age International Publishers, 2014.
    2.A.Ravikrishnan, Environmental Science and Engineering, 5th revised Edition, Sri
    Krishna Hitech Publishing company (P) Ltd, 2009.
    3.T. G. Jr. Miller, S. Spoolman, New Environmental Science, 14th Edition, Wadsworth
    Publishing Co, 2014.
    4.E. Bharucha, Textbook of Environmental studies, second Edition, Universities press Pvt.
    Ltd., 2013 .
    5.A K De, Environmental Chemistry, 7th Edition , New age international publishers, 2014.
    6.http://www.ipcc.ch/index.html

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