Unit 2: Frequency Control and Automatic Generation Control

UNIT 2
FREQUENCY CONTROL AND

AUTOMATIC GENERATION
CONTROL
IMPORTANCE OF
FREQUENCY CONTROL
If frequency changes there wont be get required receiving end
voltage.
When two systems working at diff. frequency are tied together
to make same frequency by frequency converting station.
Change in real power affect mainly the system frequency,
while reactive power is less sensitive to changes in frequency
and is mainly dependent on changes in voltage magnitude.
The load frequency control (LFC) loop controls the real power
and frequency and the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop
regulates the reactive power and voltage magnitude.
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL
PURPOSE OF AGC
To maintain power balance in the system.
Make sure that operating limits are not exceeded: Generators limit
Tie-lines limit
Make sure that system frequency is constant (not
change by load).
OVERVIEW OF AGC
Load is always changing.
To maintain power balance, generators need to produce
more or less to keep up with the load.
When Gen < Load (Gen > Load), generator speed and
frequency will drop (rise).
=> We use this generator speed and frequency as control
signals!
3 COMPONENTS OF AGC
Primary control
Immediate (automatic) action to sudden change of load.
For example, reaction to frequency change.
Secondary control
To bring tie-line flows to scheduled.
Corrective actions are done by operators.
Economic dispatch
Make sure that the units are scheduled in the most
economical way.
This is function of primary and secondary control of AGC.
CONCEPT OF AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL
If the load on the system is increased, the turbine speed drops

before the governor can adjust the input of the steam to the new load.
The speed of the rotor can be maintained constant by adding an
integrator. The integral unit monitors the average error over a period
of time and will overcome the offset.
Thus, as the system load changes continuously, the generation is
adjusted automatically to restore the frequency to its nominal value.
This scheme is known as automatic generation control (AGC).
As shown in the block diagram, the valve opening changes

either by changing the reference setting or by the change in
speed (or frequency). This is called primary regulation.
The reference setting can also be changed remotely by power
system load frequency control. This is called secondary
regulation.
Only some generating units in a power system may be used
for secondary regulation
STATIC SPEED-POWER CURVE
1
PM PC
R
Slope = -R
2
1
PM
PC1 = PM 1
PC 2 = PM 2
From,
Primary control: Immediate

change corresponding to
sudden change of load
(frequency)
Secondary control: Change
in setting control power to
maintain operating
frequency.
The higher R (regulation),
the better.
AGC FOR SINGLE AREA
System Modeling
Single Generator
Multi Generators, special case: two
generators
LFC FOR SINGLE AREA
AGC FOR MULTI AREAS

During transient period, sudden change of load causes each
area generation to react according to its frequency-power
characteristics.This is called primary control.
This change also effects steady state frequency and tie-line
flows between areas.
We need to
Restore system frequency,
Restore tie-line capacities to the scheduled value, and,
Make the areas absorb their own load.
This is called secondary control.
AGC FOR MULTIPLE AREA

SYSTEM
AGC FOR 2-GENERATOR: BLOCK

DIAGRAM
Governor 1 sense
speed , try to
mechanical power
PC1
GM 1 s
PL1
-
PM 1 +
Steady state: New

(lower) system
Frequency
GP1 s
Transfer power 12
PC 2
+
1
R1
Governor 2 sense
speed , try to
mechanical power
P1 P12
-1
GM 2 s
PM 2+
1
R2
PL 2
GP 2 s
Load
+
Different phase angle
P2 P21
Frequency 1
T12
Frequency 2
AGC FOR 2-GENERATOR:

Load increases.
Frequency drops.
Steady state is
reached when
frequency of both
generators is the
same.
2
1
+
= Change in
total load
PM
PM 1
PM 1 PM 2
PM 2
STEADY STATE FREQUENCY CALCULATION:

2 GENERATORS
~
~
From PMi M i i Di i PLi Pi Di i PLi Pi
Consider the frequency at steady

~
PM 1 D11 PL1 Ptie line
state,
~
PM 2 D2 2 PL 2 Ptie line
1
1 2 PM 1
R1
But,
Then,
, PL1 PL 2
~ ~
1
1
D1 D2
R1 R2
PM 2
,and
1

R2
Area Control Error (ACE)

Control setting power of each area needs
to be adjusted corresponding to the
change of scheduled tie-line capacity and
change of system frequency.
ACE measures this balance, and is given
by,
ACE1 P12 B1
ACE2 P21 B2
for two
area case.
B
Where
1
Bi DLi
Ri
= Frequency bias setting of area i (>0) and
TIE-LINE MODEL (Pi )
From power flow

equation,
n
Pi Vi Vk Bik sin i k
k 1
Approximate at normal operating

n
condition, we
Pi have
Bik i k
k 1
Then, for small change,

n
k 1
k 1
Pi Bik i k Tik i k
T
Where ik
is called stiffness or synchronizing power coefficient
ACE: TIE-LINE BIAS

CONTROL
PCi
Use ACE to adjust setting control
power,
, of each area.
Goal:
To drive ACE in all area to zero.

To send appropriate signal to setting
control power,
Use integrator controller so that ACE

goes to zero at steady state.
19
AGC FOR 2-AREA WITH TIE-LINE BIAS CONTROL :

Load in area 2 increases.
Frequency of both area

drops.
ACE makes Control power 0
of area 2 increases.

Steady state is reached when
frequency is back at the
operating point and
generator in area 2 take its
own load.
2
2
1
+
= Change in load 2
PM
PM 1
PM 1 PM 2
PM 2 PM 2
PM 1
20

Unit 2: Frequency Control and Automatic Generation Control

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 2: Frequency Control and Automatic Generation Control

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 2: Frequency Control and Automatic Generation Control

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 2

FREQUENCY CONTROL AND

AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

CONCEPT OF AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

If the load on the system is increased, the turbine speed drops

As shown in the block diagram, the valve opening changes

STATIC SPEED-POWER CURVE

Primary control: Immediate

AGC FOR SINGLE AREA

LFC FOR SINGLE AREA

AGC FOR MULTI AREAS

This is called secondary control.

AGC FOR MULTIPLE AREA

AGC FOR 2-GENERATOR: BLOCK

Steady state: New

AGC FOR 2-GENERATOR:

STEADY STATE FREQUENCY CALCULATION:

Consider the frequency at steady

Area Control Error (ACE)

= Frequency bias setting of area i (>0) and

TIE-LINE MODEL (Pi )

From power flow

Approximate at normal operating

Then, for small change,

is called stiffness or synchronizing power coefficient

ACE: TIE-LINE BIAS

To drive ACE in all area to zero.

Use integrator controller so that ACE

AGC FOR 2-AREA WITH TIE-LINE BIAS CONTROL :

Frequency of both area

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.