DEMOCRATIZATION

& DEVELOPMENT
PHILIPPINES AND
INDONESIA

BALDONADO, DIMAGIBA, LEORNAS, PEDROSA,

TORAYNO

CORY AQUINO

SUHARTO: NEW ORDER:

MILITARYDICTATORSHIP

1998

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie

Megawati Sukarnoputri
Susilo BambangYudhoyono

Joko Widodo
RODRIGODUTERTE

LIBERALDEMOCRACY

FIDELRAMOS
JOSEPHESTRADA
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
BENIGNO AQUINO III

1957
SUKARNO: GUIDEDDEMOCRACY

DEMOCRATICTRANSITION

1986

Sukarno

AUTHORITARIAN
RULE

OVERVIEW

FERDINANDMARCOS: MARTIALLAW

INDONESIA
INDEPENDENCE1945
LIBERAL
DEMOCRACY

PHILIPPINES
INDEPENDENCE: 1946
MANUELROXAS
ELPIDIO QUIRINO
RAMON MAGSAYSAY
CARLOSP. GARCIA
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
FERDINANDMARCOS
1972

DEMOCRATIZATION:
TRACING THE PAST

AUTHORITARIAN RULE
(PH)

(INDONESIA);

1st Phase in the

Modernization of
Dictatorship: Military

-mobilization of the military

-armed forces had
quadrupled and over 60,000
Filipinos had been arrested
for political reasons

-mobilization of the military

-military over the rebels

2nd Phase: Ideological OneParty System

-Preventing from
COMMUNISM

-To balance power and to

gain support, side also with
the COMMUNISTS

3rd Phase: Democratically

disguised dictatorship

-Snap Elections (vs. Corazon

Aquino) 1985; but results
favored Marcos, the walk-out
of the comelec

-Guided democracy,

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

PHILIPPINES

BEFORE AUTHORITARIAN RULE

PHILIPPINES
INDONESIA
Philippine politics: constant
battle for vote blocs
Constant change in the
leadership of the country
Threat of Communism: Cold
War and if we were to
believethe domino theory,
communists were out to take
over Southeast Asia
Threat of Muslim Insurgencies

AUTHORITARIAN RULE OF
MARCOS
Sept. 21, 1972
The declaration issued underProclamation1081 suspended the civil rights
and imposed military authority in the country
Declaration stressing the need for extra powers to quell the rising wave of
violence allegedly causedby communists
eradicate the roots of rebellion and promote a rapid trend for national
development
legality of Martial Law emphasizing the need for control over civil
disobedience that displays lawlessness
provisions from thePhilippine Constitutionthat Martial Law is a strategic
approach to legally defend theConstitution

AUTHORITARIAN RULE OF
MARCOS
protect the welfare of the Filipino people from the dangerous threats
posed by Muslim rebel groups and Christian vigilantes that places
national security at risk during the time
lead the country into what he calls a New Society

WHY IMPOSE MARTIAL LAW?

re-establishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) in 1968
Supporters of CPPs military arm, the New Peoples Army, also grew in
numbers in Tarlac and other parts of the country
The alleged attempt to the life of thenMinisterofDefenseJuan Ponce
Enrile
declared insurgency in the southcausedby the clash between Muslims
and Christians, which Marcos considered as a threat to national security
Martial law ceased the clash between the executive and legislative
branches of the government and a bureaucracy characterized by
specialinterest

WHAT HAPPENED IN HIS

RULING?
Implement reforms on social and political values that hindered effective
modernization

His reforms targeted his rivals within the elite depriving them of their power and
patronage but did notaffecttheir supporters
Thirty-thousand oppositionfiguresincluding SenatorBenigno Aquino, journalists,
student and labor activists were detained at militarycompoundsunder the
Presidents command (Proclamation1081 and Martial Law)
The army and the Philippine Constabulary seized weapons and disbanded private
armies controlled by prominent politicians and other influentialfigures
took control of the legislature andclosedthePhilippine Congress
Numerous media outfits were eithercloseddown or operated under tight control
funnelled millions of the countrys money by placing some of his trusted
supporters in strategic economicpositionsto channel resources to him: CRONY
CAPITALISM

 Immediately demobilized any

opposition
Aimed permanent ruling

MARTIAL
LAW 1972

Demobilization of the oligarchy

Arrests
Shutting down of newspapers
Purging government opposition leaders

Marcos complete and solo control in

the economy, state, and military

Real GNP
Growth

19751979

1980

6.4%

5%

Marcos and his closest friends and

family owned various segments of
1981
1983
the economy1982

3.4 %

1.9 %

1.1 %

HOW THE FILIPINO MASSES

ACTED
Urban poor communities in the countrys capital were organized by the
Philippine Ecumenical Council for Community and were soon conducting
protest masses and prayer rallies
exposure of numerous human rights violations pushed Marcos to hold an
election in 1978 and 1981 in an aim to stabilize the countrys chaotic
condition
Social unrest reached its height after former Senator Benigno Aquino was
murdered (August 21, 1983)
The incident sent thousands of Filipinos to the streets calling for Marcos
removal from post
Marcos held a snap election in 1986: masses more determined to end his rule
and place Corazon Aquino

EDSA PEOPLE POWER

REVOLUTION
February 25, 1986
The trueempowermentof democracy was exhibited in EDSA by its successful efforts to
oust a tyrant by a demonstration without tolerance for violence and bloodshed.
Prayers and rosaries strengthened by faith were the only weapons
Gathered all Filipinos in unity with courage and faith to prevail democracy in the country
Power of the people, who assembled in EDSA, that restored the democratic Philippines,
ending the oppressive Marcos regime
Result of the long oppressed freedom and the life threateningabusesexecuted by the
Marcos government to cite several events like human rights violation
Result of peoples resentment: assassination of Sen. Aquino + degrading of the economy
The revolt commenced when Marcos'DefenseMinisterJuan Ponce Enrileand the Armed
Forces Vice-Chief of Staff command ofFidel V. Ramos, both withdrew their support from
the government and called upon the resignation of then President Marcos
The Catholic Church represented by ArchbishopJaime Cardinal Sinalong with the priests
and nuns called for the support of all Filipinos who believed in democracy.

PHILIPPINES
The fall of
Ferdinand E.
Marcos in 1986

THE FALL OF THE AUTHORITARIAN

REGIMES IN THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINES
The fall of
Ferdinand E.
Marcos in 1986

Fourteen
years of
authoritaria
n rule

FEBRUARY 25, 1986, CORAZON AQUINO TOOK THE

PRESIDENTIAL OATH OF OFFICE, ADMINISTERED BY THE
SUPREME COURTASSOCIATE JUSTICECLAUDIOTEEHANKEE AT
CLUB FILIPINO LOCATED IN SAN JUAN.

A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON
WHY THE MARCOS REGIME FELL
Barrington
Moores
Comparative
Work on
Development and
Political Reform

4 Main Prerequisites Needed for a

Democratic Transition

Conflict
Even, balance of power between
elites and ruler
Strong middle class
Revolutionary or Violent Break
with the past

CONFLICT

PHILIPPINES: A UNIQUE CASE

BALANCE OF
POWER: ELITE
AND RULER

Marcos: HEGEMON
Wealth
Control state and
coercive
apparatuses

PHILIPPINES: A UNIQUE CASE

STRONG
MIDDLE CLASS

Philippines economy had

been steadily declining since
the mid-1970s

Decreased the size of the middle class

VIOLENT
BREAK

During the transition there was very

little bloodshed between the
opposition and Marcos regime (EDSA
Revolution)
Landed oligarchy (since Spanish
colonial rule) reasserted its
dominance

INDONESI
A

BEFORE AUTHORITARIAN RULE

PHILIPPINES
INDONESIA
Parliamentary democracy
unstable
CONFLICTS
Partai Nasional Indonesia:
Secular state
Masyumi Party: Islamic
state
Communists:Communist
state

BEFORE AUTHORITARIAN RULE

PHILIPPINES
INDONESIA
Economic: Dissatisfaction-domination by large Dutch
corporations and the ethnicChinese
TheDarul Islamrebels under
Kartosuwirjo in West Java refused
to acknowledge Sukarno's
authority and declared (Negara
Islam Indonesia Islamic State of
Indonesia)

BEFORE AUTHORITARIAN RULE

PHILIPPINES
INDONESIA
Military was torn by hostilities
between officers originating from
the colonial-era
1955 Elections: Results
Equal support for PNI,
Masyumi,Nahdlatul Ulama,
and PKI

BEFORE AUTHORITARIAN RULE

PHILIPPINES
INDONESIA
1955: Bandung Conference
Asia and Africa counter US
and Soviet Union
Western-style
parliamentary democracywas
unsuitable for Indonesia
GUIDED DEMOCRACY
Hatta, VP, didnt agree,
resigned.
Shockwave to the nonJavanese ethnicities

THE FALL OF THE AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES

IN INDONESIA AND THE PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA
The rule of
Sukarno

Martial Law
1957

GUIDED DEMOCRACY INSTALLED A DICTATORSHIP BY ABOLISHING BASIC DEMOCRATIC

RIGHTS THAT WERE FORMERLY GUARANTEED IN INDONESIA. MEANWHILE, THE OFFICIAL
STATE IDEOLOGY OFPANCASILA, WHICH REFERRED TO THE FIVE MAIN PRINCIPLES THE
INDONESIAN REPUBLIC WAS TO STAND ON, WAS A USEFUL TOOL TO KEEP ANY FORM OF
DISSENT AT BAY.
-LANG, 2015

PANCASILA
introduced by President Sukarno to represent the five principles that the
country and its government were based on. These five principles are:
Abelief in God - this principle recognises the Indonesian people's belief in God, no matter
what their religion might be.
A just and civilised humanity - this principle requires Indonesians to treat each other with
respect and courtesy. Everyone is the same in God's eyes.
The unity of Indonesia - this principle is a reminder that Indonesians should love their country
and celebrate the different backgrounds they come from.
Democracy guided by the wisdom of the representatives - this principle recognises that
Indonesian democracy relies on the wisdom of those elected and appointed. They need to
talk, listen and think about the decisions they make.
Social justice for all Indonesians - this principle tells Indonesians that they should use all the
resources of their country to benefit all Indonesians. All Indonesians are equal and should be
treated the same way.

MARTIAL
LAW 1957
Economic Effect:
inflation reached as high as 500%

impressive military victories over the PRRIPermesta rebels and the popular nationalisation
of Dutch companies left Sukarno in a very
strong position
Sukarno reinstated the 1945 constitution:
presidential system
Sukarno disbanded the Islamic partyMasyumi
andSutan Sjahrir's partyPSI
To counterbalance the power of the military,
Sukarno started to rely on the support of the
Communist Party of Indonesia(PKI

AUTHORITARIAN RULE OF
SUKARNO
Reinstatement of the 1945 constitution with its strong "middle way,"
presidential system: On July 5,
In March 1960, a new legislature, the House of People's RepresentativesMutual Self-help (DPR-GR; later, simply DPR) was established. One
hundred fifty-four of its 238 seats were given to representatives of
"functional groups," including the military, which became known as
Golkar. All were appointed rather than elected.

TO THE FALL
From 1955 onward, Sukarnos government was in clear decline
increasingly aggressiveKonfrontasi(confrontation) rhetoric against major
Western powers and Malaysia, whom he saw as a Western puppet,
In 1965, Communist Partyattempteda coup dtat, which was then
directly countered by the military
In the chaotic situation that followed,masskillings legitimized as actions
against communists took the lives of up to 1.5 million people within a
couple of months

TO THE FALL
Sukarno had lost some of his authority and was losing control over the
two most important social forces: the military (TNI) and the Communist
Party (PKI)
The military emerged as the dominant power with Gen. Suharto now
becoming Indonesias second president.

THE OVERTHROW OF SUKARNO,

1965
For eighteen months following the quashing of the 30 September Movement, there
was a complicated process of political manoeuvres against Sukarno, including
student agitation, stacking of parliament, media propaganda and military threats.
In January 1966, university students under the banner ofKAMI, begin
demonstrations against the Sukarno government voicing demands for the
disbandment of PKI and control of hyperinflation
In February 1966, Sukarno promoted Suharto to lieutenant-general (and to full
general in July 1966)
The killing of a student demonstrator and Sukarno's order for the disbandment of
KAMI
Secured a presidential decree (Supersemar) that gave Suharto authority to take
any action necessary to maintain security

THE OVERTHROW OF SUKARNO,

June 1966:
1965
banning ofMarxism-Leninism

ratifying theSupersemar
stripping Sukarno of his title of President for Life
the government ended Konfrontasi with Malaysia
rejoined the United Nations (Sukarno had removed Indonesia from the UN in the
previous year).

January 1967, Suharto felt confident that he had removed all significant support for Sukarno
within the armed forces
February 22, 1967: Sukarno announced he would resign from the presidency, and on 12
March, the MPRS session stripped him of his remaining power and named Suhartoacting
president

THE NEW ORDER UNDER

SUHARTO
Secured a parliamentary resolution in 1983 which obliged all
organisations in Indonesia to adhere to Pancasila as basic principle
Instituted mandatory Pancasila training programs for all Indonesians, from
primary school students to office workers
Suharto's previously strong relationship with the student movement
soured over the increasing authoritarianism and corruption of his regime
Large student demonstrations:

challenging the legitimacy of 1971 elections ("Golput" movement)

costly construction ofTaman Mini Indonesia Indahtheme park (1972)
the domination of foreign capitalists (Malari Incidentof 1974)
lack of term limits of Suharto's presidency (1978)

FROM NEW ORDER TO

DEMOCRACY
Suhartos authoritarian rule:self-censorship was to last for more than three decades
Student protest: 1998: consequence of the Asian financial crisis and the drastic downward
trend, brought down SuhartosOrdre Baru(New Order).
When the New Order finally broke apart in 1998, it was almost logical that a political power
vacuum developed and observersfearedbalkanization of Indonesia
transitional President Habibiesgovernmentwas able to initiate many new laws to open up the
political system
Suddenly, political groups and the media had the freedom to speak their minds: does not mean
that all social actors worked hand-in-hand toward democracy
new stakeholders attempted to appropriate the new freedoms for private gain and the old
political actors started fighting for their shares again
SinceReformasi(democratic reform process) started, therefore, democracy has been
subjected to an up and down process in Indonesia.

TO DEMOCRACY
The traditionally strong role of actors like the military is hard to overcome.
In the process of democratization, the DPR, Indonesias parliament,
abolished the militarys right to a secured number of house seats.
However: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono vs. Prabowo Subianto
It is natural that the old New Order structures have been lingering on in
the shade.

JOKOWIS IDEA OF
INDONESIA
When Indonesia won its independence and the country took on a new
form, the nation had to be invented
An idea of Indonesia: imagined community
It is conceivable that Joko Widodos government cannot from one moment
to the next change Indonesias domestic political routines that he himself
criticizedas being infused by corruption, collusion and nepotism.
Considering the nations most eventful history, however, his victory in the
elections as a political newcomer with a democratic idea of Indonesias
future gives the country its next chance for an attempt at democracy.

CONFLICT

BALANCE OF
POWER: ELITE
AND RULER

POWER IN
SUKARNO AND THE
MILITARY
Control state and
coercive
apparatuses

STRONG
MIDDLE CLASS

Hyperinflatio
n

Decreased the size of the middle clas

Inflation at 500% (SUKARNO)
Asian Financial Crisis (SUHARTO)

DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY
PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

INCORPORATION

Citizens can participate in

governmental decisions (e.g.
lobbying, and barangay level
consultations)

Citizens can push for reforms

(e.g. the FOI bill to Law)

REPRESENTATION

Elections and representation

(proportional representation),
as described in the 1987
Constitution

People's Representative
Council
iselectedbyproportional
representationfrom multicandidate constituencies

ORGANIZED OPPOSITION

Impeachment (e.g. Pres.

Impeachment (e.g.
Estrada, Chief Justice Corono) Abdurrahman Wahid)

STRUCTURE OF
DEMOCRACY
PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

Presidential, Representative,
DemocraticRepublic

Presidential, Representative,
DemocraticRepublic

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVE

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

PRESIDENT
-both thehead of stateandhead of government, is directly
elected to a single six-year term viafirst past the post.
-commander in chiefof theArmed Forces of the Philippines,
thereby ensuring civilian supremacy over the military
-is also given several military powers, although once exercised,
Congress is able to prolong or end it

PRESIDENT
-until 2002, elected every five years by thePeoples Consultative
Assembly(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat; MPR)
-beginning in 2004 both leaders were to be directly elected
-limited to two five-year terms
-appoints the cabinet
-supreme commander of the army, the navy, and the air force
-authority to introduce bills, issue regulations, implement acts,
and make agreements with foreign countries

Department Secretaries
-appointed by the president
-compose the cabinet
Foreign affairs
Education
Transportation
Health
Agrarian Reform
Labor and Employment
Environment
Etc. The number of departments are fixed, assignments
depend on their mandate. However, can still be added
through Congress

Cabinet ministers
-appointed by the president
-compose the Ministries

economic affairs
foreign affairs

Defense
Education

Agriculture

Information
Religious affairs. Note: The number of ministers and the

nature of their areas of assignment depend on the president.

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

LEGISLATIVE

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

1. Bicameral: The Legislature

2. Upper House: Senate
-composed of 24 senators elected via theplurality-at-large
votingwith the country as oneat-large"district."
3. Thelower houseis theHouse of Representatives
-currently composed of 292 representatives, with no more than
20% elected viaparty-list system, with the rest elected
fromlegislative districts

1. Bicameral: ThePeople's Consultative Assembly(Majelis

Permusyawaratan Rakyat)
-in 2004: became a bicameralparliament, with the creation of the
DPD as its second chamber in an effort to increase regional
representation
2. TheRegional Representatives Council(Dewan Perwakilan
Daerah,DPD)
-the upper house of The People's Consultative Assembly. The
lowe
3. ThePeople's Representative Council(Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat)
-sometimes referred to as the House of Representatives, which
has 560 members, elected for a five-year term
byproportional representationi n multimemberconstituencies.

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

JUDICIAL

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

1. Supreme Court
-court of last resort, and decides on constitutionality of laws
viajudicial review
2. President selects justices and judges from nominees given by
theJudicial and Bar Council
3. Court of Appealsis the second highest appellate court,
4. Court of Tax Appealsrules on tax matters, and
5. Sandiganbayan(People's Advocate) is a special court for
alleged government irregularities
6. TheRegional Trial Courts(RTC) are the maintrial courts. The
Regional Trial Courts are based on judicial regions, which almost
correspond to the administrativeregions

1. TheIndonesian Supreme Court(Mahkamah Agung) highest

level of the judicial branch.
2. Its judges are appointed by the president.
3. TheConstitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi)rules
onconstitutionaland political matters)
4. Judicial Commission(Komisi Yudisial) oversees the judges.

PARTY SYSTEMS
PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

Multi-party System
A. Dominant Majority Party: Liberal Party (LP)
B. Minority Party: United Nationalist Alliance (UNA)
C.Major Parties (April 2016, Proc. No. 10094):
1. Nationalist Party (NP)
2. Nationalist Peoples Coalition (NPC)
3. Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban)
4. Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)
5. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP)
6. Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas-CMD), Aksyon
Demokratiko
7. National Unity Party (NUP)
D. Major Local Parties
8. Kuso Baryohanon (KB) for Davao del Norte
9. United Negros Alliance (UNEGA) for Negros Occidental
10.Partido Abe Kapampangan (PAK) for Angeles City;
11.Arangkada San Joseno (ASJ) for San Jose del Monte City;
12.Achievement with Integrity Movement (AIM) for General Santos
City;
13.Kabalikat ng Bayan sa Kaunlaran (KABAKA) for the National
Capital Region (NCR)
E. Partylists
14.Ako Bicol (3 seats)
15.11 more (2 seats) (Gabriela, 1Pacman, ACT Teachers)
16.34 others (1 seat each) (Akbayan, Bayan Muna, )

Multi-party System
1. National Democratic Party(Partai Nasional Demokrat, Nasdem)
2. National Awakening Party(Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa, PKB)
3. Prosperous Justice Party(Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, PKS)
4. Indonesian Democratic Party Struggle(Partai Demokrasi
Indonesia Perjuangan, PDIP)
5. Party of the Functional Groups(Partai Golongan Karya, Golkar)
6. Great Indonesia Movement Party(Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya,
Gerindra)
7. Democratic Party(Partai Demokrat, PD)
8. National Mandate Party(Partai Amanat Nasional, PAN)
9. United Development Party(Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP)
10. People's Conscience Party(Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat, Hanura)
11. Aceh Peace Party (Partai Damai Aceh, PDA)
12. Aceh National Party (Partai Nasional Aceh, PNA)
13. Aceh Party(Partai Aceh, PA)
14. Crescent Star Party(Partai Bulan Bintang, PBB)
15. Indonesian Justice and Unity Party(Partai Keadilan dan
Persatuan Indonesia, PKPI)

CONSTITUTION
PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

1. 1935 Constitution (amended 3 times)

2. 1973 Constitution (amended 4 times)
-making the President: the regular
president and regular Prime Minister
-law making powers of the president
-modified parliamentary form of
government
-natural born citizens (who lost their
citizenship) to be transferees of private
land
3. 1987 Constitution-Freedom
Constitution

1. 1945 Constitution
-Following theIndonesian 1998
Upheavaland the resignation of
PresidentSuharto, several political
reforms were set in motion, via
amendments to the Constitution of
Indonesia,
-changes to all branches of government
as well as additional human rights
provisions.

PRESENT STATE COMPARISON

PHILIPPINES

INDONESIA

TYPE OF GOVERNMENT

REPUBLIC

REPUBLIC

LEGISLATURE SIZE

311 MEMBERS

692 MEMBERS

ECONOMY

$292 billionwhich ranks

39th in the world.

$862 billionwhich ranks

16th in the world.

GDP GROWTH RATE

7.1 % (third quarter of 2016)

5.02 % (third quarter of

2016)

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

7.1 % (2015)

6.2 % (2015)

POPULATION

101 M (2015)

258 M (2015)

POPULATION BELOW
POVERTY LINE

25.23 % (2015)

11.3 % (2015)

CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2015

(TRANSNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL)

Rank

Country/territor
y

2015 Score

2014 Score

2013 Score

2012 Score

88

Indonesia

36

34

32

32

95

Philippines

35

38

36

34

SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX

2016
(INDICATOR: CORRUPTION)

INDEX OF
ECONOMIC
FREEDOM. 2016

BERTELSMANN TRANSFORMATION INDEX, 2016

analyzes and evaluates the quality of democracy, a market economy and
political management in 128 developing and transition countries. It measures
successes and setbacks on the path toward a democracy based on the rule of
law and a market economy flanked by sociopolitical safeguards.
A country with a high score, 8.5 and above, is categorized as highly advanced.
A country with a low score, below 4, is categorized as failed. A country is
categorized as very limited if it has a status index score between 4 and 5.5.
A score between 5.5 and 7 means the country is categorized as limited and a
country is categorized as advanced for a score between 7.1 and 8.5.

BERTELSMANN
TRANSFORMATION INDEX, 2016

DEMOCRACY INDEX 2015:

BOTH ARE FLAWED DEMOCRACIES
RANK

OVERAL
L
SCORE

ELECTORAL
PROCESS
AND
PLURALISM

FUNCTIONING
OF
GOVERNMENT

POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION

POLITICAL
CULTURE

CIVIL
LIBERTIES

INDONESIA

49

7.03

7.75

7.14

6.67

6.25

7.35

PHILIPPINES

54

6.84

8.33

5.71

6.67

4.38

9.12

THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT

DEMOCRACY INDEX 2015:

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2008

2006

PH

6.84

6.77

6.41

6.30

6.12

6.12

6.12

6.48

IDN

7.03

6.95

6.82

6.76

6.53

6.53

6.34

6.41

THANK YOU