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3.0 Convection Heat Transfer

This document discusses convection heat transfer. It defines convection as heat transfer between a solid surface and an adjacent moving fluid involving both conduction and fluid motion. Free convection occurs through natural fluid motion due to density differences, while forced convection involves external forces causing fluid motion. The document outlines objectives, the difference between conduction and convection, factors affecting convection, boundary layers, laminar and turbulent flow, dimensionless numbers used in convection problems, and examples of free and forced convection.

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123 views41 pages

3.0 Convection Heat Transfer

This document discusses convection heat transfer. It defines convection as heat transfer between a solid surface and an adjacent moving fluid involving both conduction and fluid motion. Free convection occurs through natural fluid motion due to density differences, while forced convection involves external forces causing fluid motion. The document outlines objectives, the difference between conduction and convection, factors affecting convection, boundary layers, laminar and turbulent flow, dimensionless numbers used in convection problems, and examples of free and forced convection.

Uploaded by

shariza91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

0 Convection Heat
Transfer

Student should be able to:

Objectives

Differentiate between conduction and convection


heat transfer

Differentiate between free and force convection

Determine convection heat transfer coefficient, h in


both Free & Force Convection.

Apply the dimensionless number in solving the heat


convection problems.

Determine the heat transfer rate by convection, q .

Convection
Convection is the mode of energy transfer

between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas


that is in motion, and it involves the combined
effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Heat transfer through the fluid layer will be by


convection when the fluid involves some
motion and by conduction when the fluid layer is
motionless.
The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the
heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid.
The faster the fluid motion, the greater the
convection heat transfer.

Convection heat transfer strongly depends on the

fluid properties :

Dynamic viscosity, u
Thermal conductivity, k
Density, p
Specific heat Cp
Fluid velocity, v
Geometry and roughness of the solid surface
Type of fluid flow (streamlined or turbulence)

Conduction vs. Convection


Conduction
- Transfer of heat by
the interaction
between adjacent
molecules of a
material.

Convection
- Involves the transfer
of heat by the
mixing and motion
of a fluid due to the
density differences.

T
- Formula:
q kA

- Formula:
q hA(T

Tb )

The transfer of heat by


mixing the warmer
portions of the fluid with
the cooler portions.

Density differences in

the fluid arising from the


heating process provide
the buoyancy force
required to move the
fluid.

Hot fluids are lighter than


cool fluid & tend to rise.

The hot air rises. This


leaves empty space
at the bottom of the
column of rising air.
Cold air moves into
the empty space and
the fire warms it. The
newly warmed air
also rises.

As the warm air


gets close to the
ceiling, it loses
some heat. Now
this air is cooler.
It follows the cool
air which is
falling.
The cool air falls
and then is drawn
upwards again.

Heat transfer from a hot surface to the surrounding fluid by


convection and conduction
The fluid is forced to flow over
the
Surface (involves external energy)
e.g: pump, mixer, fan
Any fluid motion caused by natural
means such as buoyancy effects
(density diff)
Similarity: both mechanism require
the presence of a material medium
Diff: convection requires the
presence of fluid motion

Examples..

The rate of convection heat transfer is proportional to temp.


difference

Q conv= h (Tw-Tb)
OR
qconv= h A (Tw-Tb)

(W/m2)
(W)

Where:
q
= rate of heat transfer, W
h
= convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.oC
A
= surface area, m2
Tw = surface/wall temperature, oC
Tb = fluid/bulk temperature, oC

qconv= h A (Tw-Tb)
Can be arranged as

q = (Tw-Tb) / Rconv
Where

Rconv = 1/hA

Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, h


Can be defined as the rate of heat transfer
between a solid surface and a fluid per unit
surface area per unit temperature difference.
The convection heat transfer coefficient, h is also
known as film conductance.
For the calculation of heat transfer, q the value for
h has to be determined first for either in natural or
force convection ( if the value of h is not given).

Therefore, the value of heat transfer coefficient, h must be evaluated from the Nusselt No.
The S.I unit for h is W/m2K and in English unit is btu/hr.ft2. F

The convection heat transfer coefficient, h is


a strong function of velocity. The higher the
velocity, the higher the convection heat
transfer coefficient.
The fluid velocities associated with natural
convection are low, typically less than 1 m/s.
Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients
encountered in natural convection are
usually much lower than those encountered
in forced convection.

Try!
A 1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends
across a room that is maintained at 200C. Heat is
generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating,
and the surface temperature of the wire is measured to
be 2400C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and
electric current through the wire are measured to be
110V and 3A, respectively. Disregarding any heat
transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat
transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer
surface of the wire and the air in the room.
(170.5w/m2. 0C)

SOLUTION:

q = E
= VI = (110V)(3A) = 330W
A = (D)L = (0.002m)(1.4m) =
generated

0.00880m2
q = h A (Ts-T)
h = q/(A (Ts-T))
= 330/(0.00880(240-20)
= 170.5W/m2.oC
s

Laminar

Laminar and turbulent flows

Smooth streamlines
Highly-ordered motion
Turbulent
Velocity fluctuations
Highly-disordered motion
Transition
From laminar to turbulent flow
Does not occur suddenly
Before it becomes fully
turbulent.

Laminar and turbulent flow regimes of


cigarette smoke

Boundary Layer
Boundary layer - the region of flow which
develops from the leading edge of the plate in
which the effects of viscosity are observed
We define the thickness of this boundary layer as
the distance from the wall to the point where the
velocity is 99% of the "free stream" velocity, the
velocity in the middle of the stream.
At the wall , the velocity is zero and the heat
transfer into the fluid takes place by conduction

Velocity boundary layer


Uniform upstream velocity

Free stream velocity

Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate


The fluid approaches the plate in a x direction with uniform upstream velocity
and identical to u over the plate away from the surface
The velocity of the particles in the first fluid layer adjacent to the plate becomes
zero
This motionless layer slows down the particle of a neighboring fluid layer as a
result of friction between the particles
This fluid layer then slows down the molecules next to it
The u will remain unchanged at distance,
The x comp. of fluid velocity, u will vary from 0 at y=0 to nearly u at y=

Thermal boundary layer


Like VBL, a TBL develops when a fluid
at specified temp. flows over a surface
that is at different temp.
A flow of a fluid at temp. T over a flat
plate at Ts. The fluid particles near to
the surface will reach eq. temp. to the
wall, Ts.
These fluid particles will then
exchange energy with the particles in
the adjoining-fluid layer
As a result, a temp. profile will develop
in the flow field that ranges from Ts at
the surface to T , far from the surface
Thus, the TBL increases in the flow
direction since the effect of HT are felt
at greater distance from the surface
further down stream

the shape of the temp. profile in TBL tells


about convection HT between a solid surface
and a fluid flowing over it.
In flow over a heated/cooled surface, both VTL
and BTL develop simultaneously
Fluid velocity will have a strong temperature
profile, thus the developments of VCL and TBL
will have a strong effect on convection HT.

Types of convection
3.1 Free/Natural Convection-Physical
Free convection would be associated with :
Vertical plate & cylinder
Horizontal plate & cylinder
Spheres

3.2 Force Convection

Flat plate - laminar & turbulent flow


Cylinders
Spheres

Dimensionless Number
- The Nusselt number (Nu) represents the
enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid
layer as a result of convection relative to
conduction across the same fluid layer.
- Heat flux through the fluid layer by convection
and by conduction can be expressed as,
respectively:

q conv hT
- Taking their ratio gives

q cond

T
k
L

q&conv
hT
hL

Nu
- Nu=1 pure conduction
q&cond k T / L
k

Dimensionless number
FREE convection >
>Rayleigh Number, Ra
> Grashof Number, Gr
> Prandtl Number, Pr
> Nusselt Number, Nu

FORCE convection >


> Reynolds Number, Re
> Nusselt Number, Nu
> Prandtl Number, Pr

3.1 Free/Natural ConvectionPhysical Mechanism


-Where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy.
-Often not noticeable because of the low velocities involved.
Examples..

The warming up of a cold drink


in a warmer environment by
natural convection

The cooling of a boiled egg in a cooler


environment by heat convection
As soon as the hot egg is
exposed to cooler air, the
T of the outer surface of
the egg shell will drop and
the T of the air adjacent
to the shell will rise as a

result of heat
conduction from the
shell to the air.
So the egg will soon be surrounded by a thin layer or
warmer air and heat will then be transferred from
this warmer layer to the outer layer or air.

The cooling process in this case would be rather


slow since the egg would

always be

blanketed by warm air and it would have no


direct contact with the cooler air father away.
The temperature of the air adjacent to the egg is

density is lower, since at constant


pressure the density of a gas is inversely
proportional to its temperature.
higher, thus its

Low-density/light gas is surrounded by a high-density


or heavy gas, and the natural laws dictate the

gas rise.

light

The space vacated by the warmer air in the vicinity of


the egg is replaced by the cooler air nearby, and the

cooler air in the vicinity of the


egg speeds up the cooling process.
presence of

The rise

of warmer air and the flow of cooler air


into its place continues until the egg is cooled to
the temperature of the surrounding air.

The heating of cooler room by


heat convection

The less dense fluid rises


because of its relatively high
buoyancy.
Fluid is moving not by force.

The Grashof
Number, Gr

g (Ts T) Lc 3
Gr
2

can be interpreted physically


as a dimensionless no. that
represents the ratio of
buoyancy forces to the viscous
forces acting on the fluid
Grashof No. in natural conv.
plays a role similar to the
Reynolds No. (Re) in forced
convection

Where;
g = gravitational acc (m/s2)
= volume coeff.of expansion
of the fluid
in 1/K
(For gas = 1/Tf ; Tf =
(Tw+Tb)/2 )
Ts = Temp. of the surface oC
T = Temp. of the fluid oC
Lc = characteristics length of
geometry (m)
= kinematic viscosity of the
fluid (m2/s)

The flow regime is turbulent for Gr > 109,otherwise the flow is laminar

The Prandtl Number, Pr

Cp
Pr

Pr = Molecular diffusivity of momentum


Molecular diffusivity of heat
Describes the relative thickness
of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layer

Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid


metals, Pr <1, very slow in oils
Pr >1 relative to momentum

hLc
Nu
k

- Common practice
to find out the heat transfer
coeff. h
- it shows the result of conv
relative to cond.
- The higher the Nu no. more
effective the conv.

Nusselt Number
Natural convection HT
correlations are
usually expressed in
terms of
Raleigh no. raised to a
constant n multiplied
by another constant
C. Both of which are
determined
experimentally.

g (Ts T) Lc 3
Ra Gr Pr
Pr
2

Nu a (Gr. Pr) n

a)Vertical Plate and Vertical Cylinder

1/ 6

0.387 Ra L
Nu 0.825
9 / 16
1

(
0
.
492
/
Pr)

8 / 27

Range of Ra: Entire Range


Note: A vertical cylinder can be treated as a
vertical plate when
D

Lc = L

35 L
GrL

1/ 4

For an isothermal vertical surface or plate,


the free convection heat transfer coefficient can
be expressed by the following general equation:

hLc
L gT C p
n
Nu
a (Gr. Pr) a
k
2
k
3

BUT,
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at film temp.

Lc = L

Tw Tb
Tf
2
Tw or Ts = surface temperature
Tb = Bulk/fluid temperature

b) Horizontal Cylinder

0.387 Ra D
Nu 0.6
9 / 16
1

(
0
.
559
/
Pr)

Range of Ra: Ra D 10
Lc = D

1/ 6

12

8 / 27

c) Sphere
1/ 4

0.589 RaD
Nu 2
9 / 16
1 (0.469 / Pr)

Range of Ra: Ra D 10 11
(Pr 0.7)

Lc = D

4/9

Try ok!
Heat loss from hot water pipes
A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter
horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large
room whose temperature is 20 0C. If the outer
surface temperature of the pipe is 70 0C,
determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection.

Solution:
Assumption: steady operating condition exist, air is an ideal
gas, the P atm is 1 atm.
The properties of air at the film T of Tf =(Ts+T)/2 =
(70+20)/2 = 45 0C. And 1 atm are (Table A-15)
k= 0.02699 W/m. 0C
Pr= 0.7241
v= 1.749x10-5 m2
= 1/Tf = 1/318K
Lc = D= 0.08m

g (Ts T) Lc
Ra Gr Pr
Pr
2

Ra

( 9.81m / s 2 )[1 / 318 K ]( 70 20 K )( 0.08 m ) 3


(1.749 x10 5 m 2 / s ) 2

(0.7241) 1.869 x106

1/ 6

0.387 Ra D
Nu 0.6
9 / 16
1

(
0
.
559
/
Pr)

17.40

8 / 27

0.387 (1.869 x10 6 )1/ 6


0.6
9 / 16 8 / 27
1

(
0
.
559
/
0
.
7241
)

Then, h = (kNu)/Lc = (0.02699 W/m.0Cx 17.40 )/0.08m = 5.869W/m2. 0C


As = DL = (0.08m)(6m) = 1.508 m2

q = h As (Ts-T) = (5.869W/m2. 0C)(1.508m2 )(70-20)0C = 443W


Therefore, the pipe will lose heat to the air in the room at a rate of 443 W by natural
convection

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