Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 859 views

    Yantra Shastra of Ancient India

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous f23zFktKe
    The document discusses the ancient Indian science of Yantra Shastra, which relates to machines and mechanisms. It provides definitions of common terms like Shilpa (creation of materials using machines and techniques) and Shilpa Shastra (the science related to a particular subject). Sage Bhrugu divided the Shilpashtra into 10 sciences, 51 subjects, 3 volumes, and 64 arts and 32 techniques. Yantra Shastra, the science of machines and mechanisms, was common to all other nine sciences. The document outlines the five basic elements of a Yantra according to ancient texts and provides examples of machines related to each element and their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Yantra Shastra of Ancient India

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous f23zFktKe
    859 views39 pages
    The document discusses the ancient Indian science of Yantra Shastra, which relates to machines and mechanisms. It provides definitions of common terms like Shilpa (creation of materials using machines and techniques) and Shilpa Shastra (the science related to a particular subject). Sage Bhrugu divided the Shilpashtra into 10 sciences, 51 subjects, 3 volumes, and 64 arts and 32 techniques. Yantra Shastra, the science of machines and mechanisms, was common to all other nine sciences. The document outlines the five basic elements of a Yantra according to ancient texts and provides examples of machines related to each element and their applications.

    Original Title

    Yantra Shastra of ancient India.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the ancient Indian science of Yantra Shastra, which relates to machines and mechanisms. It provides definitions of common terms like Shilpa (creation of materials using machines and techniques) and Shilpa Shastra (the science related to a particular subject). Sage Bhrugu divided the Shilpashtra into 10 sciences, 51 subjects, 3 volumes, and 64 arts and 32 techniques. Yantra Shastra, the science of machines and mechanisms, was common to all other nine sciences. The document outlines the five basic elements of a Yantra according to ancient texts and provides examples of machines related to each element and their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    859 views39 pages

    Yantra Shastra of Ancient India

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous f23zFktKe
    The document discusses the ancient Indian science of Yantra Shastra, which relates to machines and mechanisms. It provides definitions of common terms like Shilpa (creation of materials using machines and techniques) and Shilpa Shastra (the science related to a particular subject). Sage Bhrugu divided the Shilpashtra into 10 sciences, 51 subjects, 3 volumes, and 64 arts and 32 techniques. Yantra Shastra, the science of machines and mechanisms, was common to all other nine sciences. The document outlines the five basic elements of a Yantra according to ancient texts and provides examples of machines related to each element and their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Yantra Shastra

    Machines and Mechanics of


    ancient India
    By
    Dr. A.S. Nene
    nene_ashok@yahoo.com
    Retired Professor of Civil Engineering,
    VNIT Nagpur (India)

    Definition of common
    terms
    used in Shilpashtra

    1. Shilpa - The word is derived from a root


    Sheel samadhau and literally means any
    thing that pleases your mind. Sage Bhrugu
    has defined
    materials

    Shilpa as creation of different


    with the help of machines ,

    techniques and arts.

    2. Shilpa Shastra - The science


    related to a particular subject
    comprising
    different
    techniques skills or arts.
    3. Shilpa Samhita
    A
    compilation
    of
    rules
    and
    procedure
    related
    to
    a
    particular science.
    4.Vidya A techniques related
    to creation or execution of a
    Shilpa.
    5.Kala - An art or skill acquired

    Sage Bhrugu
    Devided entire Shilpashtra
    into
    Subjects - 51
    Volumes -

    Sciences -

    10

    Techniques -32
    Arts 64

    ..

    Three volumes of
    Shilpashastra
    Khanda-Part
    A.Dhatu Khand -Resurces Part
    B. Sadhan Khand-Transportation Part
    C. Vastu Khand-Habitation Part

    A-Dhatu Khand - Resources Part

    1-Krushi Shastra -Biological resources.


    2-Jala Shastra - Water resources.
    3-Khani Shastra -.Mining resources.

    B- Sadhan Khand -Transportation Part

    4-Nauka Shastra- -Water Transport


    5-Ratha Shastra-Surface Transport
    6-Viman

    Shastra-Air

    Space

    Transport

    C- Vastu Khand - Habitation Part

    7-Vastu Shastra Dwelling


    8-Prakar Shastra-Forts & Castles
    9-Nagar Rachana Shastra-Town
    Planning
    Common to all 9 Shastras
    10-Yantra Shastra-Machines &
    Mechanism

    Yantra Shashtra is the tenth Shashtra

    Common

    to

    all

    other

    nine

    Shashtra(s).

    Does not contain any technique or

    Skill (Vidya or Kala).

    Very

    few

    ancient

    references

    available on this subject.

    are

    Definition of Yantra (Machine)


    Earth (Pruthwi) is naturally inert
    and has no tendency of motion.
    Samarangan Sutradhar gives a
    definition of a Yantra (Machine).

    Five basic elements: Yantra is


    contrivance
    consisting
    of
    five
    elements.
    These
    mechanical
    contrivances also have a sequence
    suited to the five elements as under,

    1-Danda (Lever)
    Lever (Danda) is especially useful for Uchhatan or breaking or
    stirring of the ground (Pruthwi).
    To use lever (rod) there must be a strong support. The
    force is applied at the end of lever.
    Bhu-yantras- (related to earth) are of four types
    Rhuju Bhagna (Straight Bent): a crow bar is straight
    but pick axe is bent.
    Yugma-Ayugma (pair or single): Nut cracker, nose-pliers
    scissors etc consist of pair of levers joined at the end or
    at middle. Handles of many appliances or a walking stick
    contain a single (Ayugma) liver.
    Sama-Vishama (Equal-Unequal): some balances such as
    compound balance the levers are not of same length.

    2. Pulley (Chakra)
    Pulley
    (Chakra)
    is
    specially
    designed
    for
    controlling
    (Vashikaran) the motion of water
    (Aap).

    3. Danta (Geared wheel /Gear)


    Gear (Danta) - toothed wheel is particularly
    useful for sthambhan-stopping of air (Vayu).
    Such wheels work in pairs. The diameters of
    these wheels may be same or different. In
    some machines the gears are connected with
    chain.

    4.Inclined plane (SaraNi)


    Sarani is a device in which one part goes
    upward and another part goes down by same
    distance. In ancient water lifting device water
    bucket was attached to a rope pulled by oxen
    moving on a sloping ground to reduce the
    load. Same principle is used in rope and pulley
    system in which load is lifted by inclined rope
    moving around a pulley.

    5.Jaran of light (tej)


    Jaran is a device to control or
    concentrate
    light
    such
    as
    lenses,binoculars,
    telescope
    etc.

    6-Bramani Screw
    Screw (BhramaN) mainly useful for killing
    or annihilation (mAraN) of time space
    (Aakash). In such device load is applied by
    a plate attached to a screw to move the
    plate towards or away from objects. The
    common examples of Bramani are screw
    jack , screw press used by book binder or
    table vice used in a workshop.

    Jala-yantras- related to water


    Aritra (Oar) - for navigation of a boat. Number of
    oars may be 1 to 100 (boats used in boat race).
    Matsya-danda (Fishing rod/line) for catching fish
    Lat (cranes) used on ships for loading or unloading
    cargo.
    Tari (Rafts) - used for water transport.
    All the above jalayantras are base on lever principle.

    Chakra (wheel): A wheel rotates about an axis at


    centre or away from centre. Wheels were grouped
    under three heads;
    I. Chala-Achala (Moving-stationary)- two wheels
    of flour grinding wheels are the examples of
    these types.
    II. Sama-Visham (Equal-unequal) Sama wheel
    rotates around its concentric axis but Vishama
    wheel rotates around its non-centric axis.
    III. Abheda-Putabheda (Plainer-Non-plainer)
    Abheda wheels rotates in a single plane but
    Putabhedana wheels rotate in two different planes.
    Lime grinding mill is a good example of
    Putabhedan wheels.

    Ancient engineering philosophy


    Ancient Indian sage
    five

    physical

    corelated the
    element

    (Panchamahabhootas) to machines
    (Yantras).

    Table: Yantras and their associations


    Element

    Earth

    Water

    Air

    Light

    Space

    Property

    Denseness

    Fluidity

    Unsteadiness

    Heat

    Incompressibility

    Function

    Expel /Extract

    Control

    Storage

    Concentrate

    Killing

    Sage

    Kashyapa

    Agasyta

    Vishvamitra

    Bharadwaj

    God

    Indra

    Vashishhta
    Bhrugu
    VaruN

    Vayu

    sun

    Bramha

    Technique

    Animal

    Fish

    Bird

    Men

    Shani Yini

    Sense

    Feet

    Hands

    Wings

    Eyes

    Mind Brain

    Vehicle

    Lever

    Wheel

    Gear

    Chain

    Screw

    Machine

    Chariot

    Boat

    Aeroplane

    Binocular

    Knowledge

    Mantra

    Explosive

    Attraction

    Storage

    Concentration

    Expansion

    Use

    Mixing

    Stirring

    Rotation

    Firing

    Killing

    Examples

    Arches

    Water cocks

    Fans

    Lenses

    Inner Knowledge

    Three parts of a machine


    A mechanical contrivance Yantra consists of three
    parts, viz
    Prime mover or producer of motion (Beej).
    Fulcrum or the pin joining power and work (Kilak).
    Energy or the power for doing the work (Shakti).

    The various kinds of motion are


    classified as,
    Tiryak or slant
    Urdwa or upward
    Adho downwards
    Prushtha- Bacward
    Purat- Forward
    Parshwatha Sideways

    These six are sorts are named as


    1. Gaman motions backward or
    forward
    2.

    Saran-

    Motion

    left

    or

    right

    sideways
    3.

    Patan

    downward

    Motion

    upward

    or

    20 Desirable
    machine

    qualities

    of

    Application for force suited to the work


    and time
    Proper contact
    Smoothness
    Requiring no attention
    Continuous action
    Lightness or requirement of as little force
    as possible

    Silence
    Loud sound when that is the object to
    be gained
    No looseness
    No sticking fast or clogging
    Proper attachments of all the parts
    particularly bolts used for transmitting
    motion
    No intermittence or break in action

    Perfect attachment of the desired object


    Adjustment as to time in simultaneous
    actions
    Doing desired action exactly at
    the
    desired moment
    Return to the normal condition at other
    times
    No peeling off
    proper form and shape
    Strength
    Softness and elasticity
    Long life

    Ancient quotations related to Yantra


    Shastra
    "Rules of Vastushashtra cannot be applied to hydraulic
    machines-Vastu Jyotishy
    "A watermill rotates continuously as the sky moves
    -Bhaskaracharya
    "There are people with big tummies similar to watermills
    Rajaratna
    "Water fountains, watermills and artificial rains are the
    wonders of water-RajagruhanirmaaN
    "Pots of moving watermill are empty, partially filled or full,
    similar as Destiny!--Nitishastra

    Indias Contribution to Mankind


    Mantra,Tantra and Yatra
    All actions (or reactions) are of two types
    namely Savitri or Srushti. The prime mover
    of any action is termed as Savitri and the
    work done by the prime mover is termed as
    Srushti.

    Mantra-

    control

    of

    physical

    elements (wind, water, fire etc) to


    get the work done.
    Tantra- The physical energy of all
    living things (technique).
    Yantra- mechanical contrivances to
    get the work with less effort and in
    less time. (machines)

    Indian Myths turned into


    invention of Yantras
    Mahabharat
    Sanjay describes war to Dhrutarashtra
    Invention of TV
    Yudhishiers Ratha moves above ground
    Invention of Hovercraft
    Description of weapons used in the war
    Invention of missiles.
    Ramayan
    Description aircrafts used by Ravana & RamaInvention of Airplanes and Spacecrafts

    Ancient References
    SamaranganaSutradhar (Bhojdeo) chapter 31
    YantrarNav
    Yantrasarvasva
    Yantra Chitamani

    Modern References
    Vaze, K.V. (1924),Pracin Hindi shilpshashtrasarMarathi, chapter 14-Yantrshashtra.
    Vaze,
    K.V.
    (1924),Aryashilpa-Hindi
    Yantrashastra-Marathi,pages 46, Published by
    Balashshtri Kshirsagar, Kalika Prasd printing
    press, Ganesh Peth,Pune,price 6 anna.
    Vaze, K.V. (1923),Study of Mechanics from
    Indian Engineering Books, Vedic Magazine Lahore,
    Vaze, K.V. (1925),Physics in ancient India, Vedic
    Magazine Lahore,
    Vaze, K.V. (1955),Unpublished articles-parts
    published in Shilpasansar magazine,19.
    Nene,A.S.(2009) Hindi Shilpashastra, chapter 10

    Wheel , the greatest contribution


    of India to the world
    Wheel was invented in India. This invention
    led to invention of a Cart and modern
    civilization

    Acknowledgement
    This presentation is based on
    published and unpublished books and articles of
    Late K.V. Vaze

    and

    Late G.G. Joshi

    Review the Past with modern


    perspective - Kautilya

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy