Yantrarnav - Machines of Ancient India PDF

Introduction to Yantrarnav
Yantrashastra or Ancient Indian Mechanical Engineering

By A.S. Nene *
Professor of Civil Engineering (Ret), VNIT Nagpur (India)
nene_ashok@yahoo.com
Abstract: The paper introduces an ancient Indian text known as Yantrarnav. The text is not available
now in India. The author and the period of publication of this text Yantrarnav (Nectar of mechanisms) is
also unknown. However when this book would be available in future, it would be a boon to students of
Yantrashstra.
1- Introduction: Late K.V. Vaze was the first to find six torn out pages of the text. Vaze used the available
text to add a separate chapter on Yantrashastra, in his Marathi book Prachin Hindi Shilpshastrasaar
Essence of ancient Indian Shilpashastra. Vaze has quoted many original Sanskrit verses from the
ancient texts such as Bhrugusamhita and Yantrarnav in this chapter.
This article is a brief translation of the chapter, and suitably edited for clarity and continuity.
2. Mantra, Tantra and Yantra: These are common words found in most of the ancient Indian texts. But
Yantrarnav gives the definitions of these terms.
All actions (or reactions) are of two types namely Savitri or Srushti. The prime mover of any action is
termed as Savitri and the work done by the prime mover is termed as Srushti. (Ref. Fig.1).
|44l6 |-(|4l4l Bl|4l B!l4
Pl+4l 9lH4l 4l|9 H|F6|P|6FP6+ 4lT 4
Fig.1- Savitri and Srushti
Mantra- Mantra means control of physical elements (wind, water, fire etc) to get the work done.
The person who has the knowledge of Mantra is known as Matradnya. Such knowledge was
compiled in poetic forms known as Chanda. Therefore the compilers were known as Chandarshi.
Ref. Fig.2.
Pl l(Tl- 94 = 4l4l|(F6+-
H166t9l(+ 4F6-P|P|6 D6+ 4lT 4
9lT66 4F6( (|6 96
|+|~t4 P+Bl (69l|4(|- F44+
7(l|B 464-46 7(+|9t4+Tl|66l-B |(6l
Fig.2- Matradbya
Tantra- The physical energy of all living things is termed as Tantra (technique). The person who
gets the work done with his own hands is called Swatantra (Independent).
Yantra- Yantras are mechanical contrivances to get the work with less effort and in less time.
3. The five basic physical elements (Panchmahabhutas): According to Yantrarnav each machine
(Yantra) is associated with one or more of the following five basic physical elements.
Pruthwi (Earth) - Gravitational force.
Jala (Water) Hydraulic power.
Vayu (Air/ Wind) Wind power
Tej (Fire) Heat/ light energy
Aakash (Space/Ether )
4. Basic parts of a machine: The five basic components of any Yantra (machine) are listed below. Ref.
Fig.3.
I. Danda- Lever /Rod
II. Chakra- Wheel/pulley
III. Danta- Toothed wheel ( gear)
IV. Sarani- Inclined plane)
V. Bharan-Screw
(74 (6 B|THPTl|(|-
H|-t9l(+ |T 4l l+ 4P46 + 4lT4
Fig.3- Five basic components of machine
The text Yantrarnav further describes details of these components. Ref. Fig.4.
Hlll4 -4l4+ (7l+BT-94tBl-
HllP\4 4t647F4 9|46++
64|P|6 |44 4l (7F646(
4l-(|(|+- B6l4 9F9 BPl|~6l-+
6(6l-Tl|66l F64l (7F646
7l4l 4tBt4 T94t4l|~64B+
7744tBPT 6(l(-B|T4l-
l9l+BlT BT- 9|46++
Pll(T6l4( HP|t446 4-
4l+4l4- 9lHl PllTll B4|6-+
H+6t4lF6 B9l16l (9lH |6 FP6-
H+6HPHll4- 4(6l+Bl6-+
(HP6 6t9l(- 4HlF|4Hl(l-
(7B99ll 4l|T- 9l464-+
PlPl|T9l16- 6-TPTtFP6-
4lT4
Fig.4- Details of basic components
4.1 Danda (Lever): To use lever (rod) there must be a strong support. The force is applied at the end of
lever. The machines based on this element are discussed below.
Bhu-yantras- (related to earth) are of four types
Rhuju Bhagna (Straight Bent): a crow bar is straight but pick axe is bent.
Yugma-Ayugma (pair or single): Nut cracker, nose-pliers scissors etc consist of pair of levers
joined at the end or at middle. Handles of many appliances or a walking stick contain a single
(Ayugma) liver.
Sama-Vishama (Equal-Unequal): Pans of a balance are equidistant from centre of beam. But
some balances such as compound balance the levers are not of same length.

Fig.5- Bhu-yantras- (machines related to earth)
Jala-yantras- (related to water) are;
Aritra (Oar) - for navigation of a boat. Number of oars may be 1 to 100 (boats used in boat race).
Matsya-danda (Fishing rod/line) for catching fish
Lat (cranes) used on ships for loading or unloading cargo.
Tari (Rafts) - used for water transport.
All the above jalayantras are base on lever principle.

Fig.6- Jala-yantras- (machines related to water)
4.2- Chakra (wheel): A wheel rotates about an axis at centre or away from centre. Wheels were grouped
under three heads;
I. Chala-Achala (Moving-stationary)- two wheels of flour grinding wheels are the examples of
these types.
II. Sama-Visham (Equal-unequal) Sama wheel rotates around its concentric axis but Vishama
wheel rotates around its non-centric axis.
III. Abheda-Putabheda (Pliner-Non-plainer) Abheda wheels rotates in a single plane but
Putabhedana wheels rotate in two different planes. Lime grinding mill is a good example of
Putabhedan wheels.

Fig.7-Wheels
4.3- Danta (Geared wheel /Gear): Such wheels work in pairs. The diameters of these wheels may be
same or different. In some machines the gears are connected with chain.

Fig.8-Gears
4.4. Sarani (inclined plane): Sarani is a device in which one part goes upward and another part goes
down by same distance.In ancient water lifting device water bucket was attached to a rope pulled by
oxen moving on a sloping ground to reduce the load. Same principle is used in rope and pulley system in
which load is lifted by inclined rope moving around a pulley.

Fig.9- Rope & Pulley
4.5.Bramani Screw: In such device load is applied by a plate attached to a screw to move the plate
towards or away from objects. The common examples of Bramani are screw jack (for changing the car
wheel), screw press used by book binder or table vice used in a workshop.

Fig.10-Screws
5. Conclusion: The contents of the ancient text Vatrarnav are presented in this article and the article is
based on Late Vazes book. Many quotations from YantrarNava were published by Vaze in a
series of five articles in the Vedic Magazine (Lahore) under the heading Story of Mechanics
from Indian Engineering Books .
Appendix: Table from Vazes another book Aryashilpa Yantrashastra
Table: Yantras and their associations
Element Earth Water Air Light Space
Property Denseness Fluidity Unsteadiness Heat Incompressibility
Function Expel /Extract Control Storage Concentrate Killing
Sage Kashyapa Vashishhta
Bhrugu
Agasyta Vishvamitra Bharadwaj
Patanjali
God Indra VaruN Vayu sun Bramha
Vidyut
Technique Animal Fish Bird Men Shani Yini
Sense Feet Hands Wings Eyes Mind Brain
Machine Lever Wheel Gear Chain Screw
Vehicle Chariot Boat Aeroplane Binocular Knowledge
Mantra Explosive Attraction Storage Concentration Expansion
Use Mixing Stirring Rotation Firing Killing
Examples Arches Water cocks Fans Lenses Inner Knowledge

References:
Vaze, K.V. (1924),Pracin Hindi shilpshashtrasar-Marathi, chapter 14-Yantrshashtra.
Vaze, K.V. (1924),Aryashilpa-Hindi Yantrashastra-Marathi,pages 46, Published by
Balashshtri Kshirsagar, Kalika Prasd printing press, Ganesh Peth,Pune,price 6 anna.
Vaze, K.V. (1923),Study of Mechanics from Indian Engineering Books, Vedic Magazine
Lahore,
Vaze, K.V. (1925),Physics in ancient India, Vedic Magazine Lahore,
Vaze, K.V. (1955),Unpublished articles-parts published in Shilpasansar magazine,19
Vaze, K.V. (1929),Hindi Shilpashastra Part 1-chapter 8 & 9 Engineering tools.
Vaze, K.V. (1926),Machines and Unemployment-Marathi,Uddyam Magazine,
Nagpur,December 1926.

***.***

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Introduction to Yantrarnav

Yantrashastra or Ancient Indian Mechanical Engineering

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