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General Chemistry: Chapter 11: Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

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129 views43 pages

General Chemistry: Chapter 11: Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts

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Uploaded by

endangtrisniati
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© © All Rights Reserved
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General Chemistry

Principles and Modern Applications


Petrucci Harwood Herring
8th Edition

Chapter 11: Chemical Bonding I:


Basic Concepts
Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
N9B 3P4
Prentice-Hall 2002

Daftar Isi
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-7
11-8
11-9

Prentice-Hall 2002

Teori Lewis : An Overview


Ikatan Kovalen : sebuah pengantar
Ikatan Kovalen Polar
Penulisan Struktur Lewis
Resonansi
Pengecualian kukum Oktet
The Shapes of Molecules
Bond Order and Bond Lengths
Energi Ikatan
Focus on Polymers
Macromolecular Substances
General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 2 of 43

11-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview


Valence e- memainkan
peranan yang mendasar
pada pembentukan ikatan
kimia.
e- transfer leads to ionic
bonds.
Sharing of e- leads to
covalent bonds.
e- are transferred of shared
to give each atom a noble
gas configuration
the octet.
Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 3 of 43

Lewis Symbols
A chemical symbol represents the nucleus
and the core e-.
Dots around the symbol represent valence e-.

Si

Al

Prentice-Hall 2002

As

Se

Bi

Sb

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Ar

Slide 4 of 43

Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds


O

2+

Ba

Ba

BaO

Cl

Mg

2 Cl

Cl

2+

Mg

MgCl2

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 5 of 43

11-2 Covalent Bonding

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 6 of 43

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

Cl

H N H

Prentice-Hall 2002

Cl

H N

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 7 of 43

Multiple Covalent Bonds

Prentice-Hall 2002

O C O

O C O

O C O

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 8 of 43

Multiple Covalent Bonds

Prentice-Hall 2002

N N

N N

N N

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 9 of 43

11-3 Polar Covalent Bonds

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Cl

Slide 10 of 43

Analogy to Population

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 11 of 43

Electronegativity

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 12 of 43

Percent Ionic Character

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 13 of 43

Writing Lewis Structures


All the valence e- of atoms must appear.
Usually, the e- are paired.
Usually, each atom requires an octet.
H only requires 2 e-.

Multiple bonds may be needed.


Readily formed by C, N, O, S, and P.

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 14 of 43

Skeletal Structure
Identify central and terminal atoms.
H
H C
H

Prentice-Hall 2002

H
C O H
H

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 15 of 43

Skeletal Structure
Hydrogen atoms are always terminal atoms.
Central atoms are generally those with the lowest
electronegativity.
Carbon atoms are always central atoms.
Generally structures are compact and symmetrical.

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 16 of 43

Strategy for
Writing Lewis
Structures

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 17 of 43

Formal Charge

FC = #valence e- - #lone pair e- -

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

1
2

#bond pair e-

Slide 18 of 43

Example 11-6
Writing a lewis Structure for a Polyatomic Ion.
Write the Lewis structure for the nitronium ion, NO2+.
Step 1:

Total valence e- = 5 + 6 + 6 1 = 16 e-

Step 2:

Plausible structure:

Step 3:

Add e to terminal atoms:

Step 4:

Determine e- left over:

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

ONO

ONO

16 4 12 = 0
Slide 19 of 43

Example 11-6
Step 5:

Use multiple bonds to satisfy octets.

O=N=O

Step 6:

ONO

Determine formal charges:


1
FC(O) = 6 - 4
(4) = 0
2
FC(N) = 5 - 0

Prentice-Hall 2002

1
(8) = +1
2

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 20 of 43

Alternative Lewis Structure


+

O N O

ONO

1
FC(O) = 6 - 2
(6) = +1
2
FC(N) = 5 - 0

1
(8) = +1
2

FC(O) = 6 - 6

Prentice-Hall 2002

1
(2) = -1
2

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 21 of 43

Alternative Lewis Structures


Sum of FC is the overall charge.
FC should be as small as possible.
Negative FC usually on most electronegative elements.
FC of same sign on adjacent atoms is unlikely.
+

Prentice-Hall 2002

ONO

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 22 of 43

Example 11-7
Using the Formal Charge Concept in Writing Lewis Structures.
Write the most plausible Lewis structure of nitrosyl chloride,
NOCl, one of the oxidizing agents present in aqua regia.

2+

2-

Prentice-Hall 2002

2+

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 23 of 43

11-5 Resonance

+ -

O
O O

O
O O

+ -

O
O O

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 24 of 43

11-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule


Odd e- species.

N=O

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

OH

HCH

Slide 25 of 43

Exceptions to the Octet Rule


Incomplete octets.

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Prentice-Hall 2002

Slide 26 of 43

Exceptions to the Octet Rule


Expanded octets.

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

F
F

Cl

Cl

Cl

Prentice-Hall 2002

Cl

Cl

Cl

P
Cl

Cl

Slide 27 of 43

Expanded Valence Shell

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 28 of 43

11-7 The Shapes of Molecules


H

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 29 of 43

Terminology
Bond length distance between nuclei.
Bond angle angle between adjacent bonds.
VSEPR Theory
Electron pairs repel each other whether they are in
chemical bonds (bond pairs) or unshared (lone pairs).
Electron pairs assume orientations about an atom to
minimize repulsions.

Electron group geometry distribution of e- pairs.


Molecular geometry distribution of nuclei.
Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 30 of 43

Balloon Analogy

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 31 of 43

Methane, Ammonia and Water

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 32 of 43

Table 11.1 Molecular Geometry as a


Function of Electron Group Geometry

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 33 of 43

Applying VSEPR Theory


Draw a plausible Lewis structure.
Determine the number of e- groups and identify
them as bond or lone pairs.
Establish the e- group geometry.
Determine the molecular geometry.
Multiple bonds count as one group of electrons.
More than one central atom can be handled
individually.
Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 34 of 43

Dipole Moments

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 35 of 43

Dipole Moments

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 36 of 43

Bond Order and Bond Length


Bond Order
Single bond, order = 1
Double bond, order = 2

Bond Length
Distance between two nuclei

Higher bond order


Shorter bond
Stronger bond
Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 37 of 43

Bond Length

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 38 of 43

Bond Energies

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 39 of 43

Bond Energies

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 40 of 43

Bond Energies and Enthalpy of Reaction

Hrxn = H(product bonds) - H(reactant bonds)


= H bonds formed - H bonds broken
= -770 kJ/mol (657 kJ/mol) = -114 kJ/mol
Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 41 of 43

Focus on Polymers Macromolecular


Substances

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 42 of 43

Chapter 11 Questions

1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 27, 33, 37,


53, 57, 65 (also calculate formal charges),
71, 86, 94

Prentice-Hall 2002

General Chemistry: Chapter 11

Slide 43 of 43

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