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12 Distribution System

The distribution system delivers power from transmission systems to end consumers. It consists of distribution substations, feeders, distributors, and service mains. The main functions are to transform power to usable voltages and deliver power to customers. Distribution can use overhead or underground lines and have radial, ring, or interconnected connection schemes. Design considers system capacity, load characteristics like type, and future loading to ensure reliable power delivery within voltage and quality regulations.

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Pao Castillon
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510 views

12 Distribution System

The distribution system delivers power from transmission systems to end consumers. It consists of distribution substations, feeders, distributors, and service mains. The main functions are to transform power to usable voltages and deliver power to customers. Distribution can use overhead or underground lines and have radial, ring, or interconnected connection schemes. Design considers system capacity, load characteristics like type, and future loading to ensure reliable power delivery within voltage and quality regulations.

Uploaded by

Pao Castillon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distribution System

Distribution System
Main function is to deliver power from the transmission
system to end consumer.
Part of the system which is from the distribution
substation to the consumer
Distribution Utilities in the Philippines

120 Electric Cooperatives

19 Private and LGU-Owned


Distribution Utilities

Distribution System
Main function is to

Distribution System
Main Physical Parts:
Substation
Feeders
Distributors
Service Mains

Distribution System - Classifications


Nature of Current
AC Distribution
DC Distribution

Type of Construction
Overhead
Underground

Connection Scheme
Radial
Ring main
Interconnected

Nature of Current - AC Distribution


AC distribution is from the step down transformer after the
transmission system to the consumer meter
Classifications
Primary Distribution This is the part of the distribution
system that carries bulk power to the load centers. The power
is at a higher voltage than the useable voltage of the
consumers.
Secondary Distribution This is the part of the distribution
system that have voltages that end consumers can utilize.

Nature of Current - AC Distribution


Subtransmission Lines

Primary Distribution Lines


(Main Feeder)

Substation
Transformer

Primary Distribution
Lines (Laterals)
Misc Loads

Distribution voltages in the


Philippines
Subtransmission: 115, 69 kV

Distribution
Transformer

Secondary Distribution Lines


Service
Drop
Residential

Commercial

Primary: 4.16, 13.8, 23 , 34.5


kV
Secondary: 230 volts

Industrial

Nature of Current - AC Distribution

Nature of Current - AC Distribution


Distribution Substation

Primary & Secondary


Distribution

Nature of Current - AC Distribution

Pole-Mounted
Transformer

Distribution Transformers

Pad-Mounted
Transformer

Nature of Current - DC Distribution


DC distribution is used when the DC machines are present,
when using storage batteries among others.
Classifications
2 wire DC system Loads are connected across
the outgoing line and the return line. This is used
mostly on low voltages because of its low efficiency.
3 wire DC system Uses two outer lines and a
Neutral line. This is used to provide two different
voltages.

Nature of Current - DC Distribution


Methods of obtaining a 3 wire DC system
Two generator method
3 wire DC generator
Balancer set

Nature of Current - DC Distribution


Two generator method
generator

3 wire DC

Nature of Current - DC Distribution


Balancer set Two DC machines are connected in series to a 2
wire DC system. When the load is not balanced, the machine
connected to the lighter load acts as a motor and the machine
connected to the heavier load acts as a generator. This setup
balances the voltage between the machines.

Construction - Overhead
Overhead lines are cheap to construct. The initial cost of
underground systems can be as high as five times that of
overhead systems.
Overhead lines are flexible in terms of physical changes in the
construction. It is easier to add, replace and change supports
and equipment on overhead lines compared to underground
lines.
Overhead lines have more ampacity for the same insulation
and cross sectional area.

Construction - Underground
Underground lines are safe because the lines are away from
the public.
Faults in underground constructions are very rare because of
better insulation and because underground lines are generally
isolated.
In terms of appearance, underground lines are less
obstructive.
Underground lines have less inductive reactance.
Underground lines have a longer life span. Overhead lines can
have a useful life of 25 years while underground lines can
have up to 50 years.
Underground lines have a low maintenance cost because of

Connection Scheme - Radial


Only one source
Large current at the feeders
Farthest consumers will
experience voltage
fluctuations and possibly a
large voltage drop

Connection Scheme Ring Main


Less voltage fluctuation
Each distributor is fed by
two feeders

Connection Scheme Interconnected


The ring is supplied by
two or more sources.
Increased reliability
Loads can be powered
by two or more sources.
This reduces the
reserve power capacity
needed by each source
and increases
efficiency.

Distribution System Requirements


Good power quality:

Voltage Drop/Voltage Regulation (not more than 10% VR)


Harmonics (not more than 5% THD)
Frequency (not more than 0.5% of nominal frequency)
Phase Imbalance (not more than 3% from average voltage)

Availability of power on demand


Reliability

Distribution System Design


Considerations
System Capacity
Distribution Transformer
Loading
Conductor Capacity
Feeders are designed to
carry a large amount of
current. Voltages are
secondary considerations.
Distributors are designed
to provide proper voltage.

Load Characteristic
Factors
Load factor (less than
0.7)
Demand factor (less than
0.6)

Type of Load
Industrial
Commercial
Residential

Future Loading/Load
Forecasting

Distribution System Design


Considerations Load Characteristic
RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL

Distribution System Design


Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics

100

Percent of Peak Load

80
60
40
20

Residential
load
12

12

12

Distribution System Design


Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics

100

Percent of Peak Load

80
60
40

Commercial
load

20

12

12

12

Distribution System Design


Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics

100

Percent of Peak Load

80
60
40

Industrial
load

20
0
12

12

12

Distribution System Design


Considerations Future
Loading/Load Forecasting

Source:
Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems by
Anthony J. Pansini

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