New Functionalities For Advanced Optical Interfaces (Dispersion Compensation)

New functionalities for advanced optical
interfaces (Dispersion compensation)

Kazuo Yamane
Photonic systems development dept.
Fujitsu
Outline
Chromatic dispersion effect

Dispersion compensating techniques
Optimization of residual dispersion or its map
PMD compensation
Conclusions
Signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion

Spectrum broadening
Optical spectrum
Difference in group velocity
Wavelength
Pulse broadening
(Waveform distortion)
Transmitter output
Original signal
1
Time
Group velocity
Time
Receiver input
Optical fiber
Time
Regenerated signal
Wavelength
Time
Waveform distortion due to fiber non-linearity

High power
intensity
Refractive
index change
Frequency
chirp
Spectrum
broadening
Waveform distortion
due to chromatic
dispersion
Optical fiber
Low optical power
Transmitter out
High optical power
Received waveform
Dispersion compensation example

Transmission fiber
Positive dispersion
(Negative dispersion)
Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF)

Negative dispersion
(Positive dispersion)
Longer wavelength
Slow (Fast)
Longer wavelength
Fast (Slow)
Shorter wavelength
Fast (Slow)
Shorter wavelength
Slow (Fast)
40 Gb/s optical signal

25 ps
Transmitter output
After fiber transmission
After dispersion comp.
DC allocations and dispersion maps
DC
Fiber#1
Fiber#1
DC
Distance
[km]
Distance
[km]
Fiber#2
DC
Fiber#2
DC
DC
Post- &
Precomp.
DC
R.D. [ps/nm]
Pre-comp.
Fiber#2
R.D. [ps/nm]
Fiber#1
DC
R.D. [ps/nm]
Postcomp.
Distance
[km]
Residual dispersion and tolerance of receiver

Allowable
penalty
R.D. [ps/nm]
Longer wavelength
Center wavelength
Shorter wavelength
Distance [km]
Parameters affecting to the tolerance

- Signal bit rate
- Channel counts and spacing
- Distance or number of spans
- Fibre type
- Fibre input power
- Pre-chirping of transmitter
- Modulation scheme of transmitter
- DC allocation / value
Dispersion
tolerance
of receiver
Penalty [dB]
R.D. [ps/nm]
Need to consider the variation of

tolerance due to characteristics of
transmitter, fibre non-linear effects and
dispersion map.
Even if residual dispersion values are
same, the received waveforms are
different, affected by these parameters.
Comparison of 40Gbit/s modulation schemes
Optical power (dBm)
NRZ
0
-20
RZ
108 GHz
-40
1542
CS-RZ
180 GHz
-20
1548
Wavelength (nm)
165 GHz
1545
Wavelength (nm)
1548
70 GHz
-40
-40
1542
-20
-20
-40
1545
Optical duobinary
1542
1545
Wavelength (nm)
1548
1542
1545
Wavelength (nm)
Now evaluating transmission performance

Chromatic dispersion tolerance
Fibre non-linear tolerance (Maximum input power)
Spectral tolerance (Degradation due to filter narrowing)
1548
A past field experiment example

10Gbit/s 750km WDM field trial between Berlin and Darmstadt (Ref.: OFC/IOOC99, Technical Digest TuQ2, A. Ehrhardt, et.al.)
Berlin
Link for field trial
Darmstadt
Before Optimization
E/O
O/E
Post-amplifier
Pre-amplifier
After optimization
-400 ps/nm
+900 ps/nm
O/E
E/O
Post-amplifier
Pre-amplifier
Dispersion (ps/nm)
Dispersion (ps/nm)
Dispersion maps and waveforms in the trial

Before optimization
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
Channel 1
Channel 2
-1000
-1500
-2000
200
Channel 3
Channel 4
400
Distance (km)
600
800
After optimization
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
Channel 1
Channel 1
-1500
-2000
200
(Before)
(After)
400
Distance (km)
600
800
Automatic dispersion compensation example

1 Tx #1
2
Tx #2
Provisioning
Provisioning
&
Tracking
Rx #1
VDC
Rx #2
VDC
40 Tx #40
DC
Rx #40
DC
Dispersion compensator
(fixed or variable)
Dispersion
Dispersion
Monitor
Monitor
VIPA variable dispersion compensator
Optical circulator
DC > 0
Line-focusing
lens
Collimating lens
Glass
plate
Variable
x-axis
DC < 0
Focusing
lens
3-Dimensional Mirror
VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array
Dispersion compensation trend

NE
NE
Photonic network
Manage dispersion or
residual dispersion
(dispersion map) !!
NE
NE
Transmitter / Receiver
Adjust parameters
including residual
dispersion to optimum!!
NE
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Cross-section of optical fiber
Cladding
Practical
Ideal
Fast axis
Core
Slow axis
1st-order PMD
Fast
Slow
Differential Group Delay (DGD)
- Well defined, frequency independent eigenstates

- Deterministic, frequency independent Differential Group Delay (DGD)
- DGD scales linearity with fiber length
Higher-order PMD
1
-Frequency dependence of DGD

-Statistically varying due to
environmental fluctuations
-Fiber PMD unit: ps/
km
Frequency of occurrence
Mode-coupling at random locations with random strength

Maxwellian distribution
of the instantaneous DGD
Prob.(DGD>3xPMD)
= 4x10-5 = 21 min/year
Prob.(DGD>3.5xPMD)
=10-6 = 32 sec/year
PMD
3.5PMD
Instantaneous DGD (ps)
Automatic PMD compensation

PMD compensation scheme in receiver
40Gb/s waveforms
Before PMD comp.
PMD
comp.
device #1
PMD
comp.
device #2
PMD
comp.
device #3
Control
algorithm
O/E
module
Distortion
analyzer
PMD characteristic changes slowly due to

normal environmental fluctuations (e.g. temperature)
But, fast change due to e.g. fiber touching
High-speed PMD compensation device
& Intelligent control algorithm
After PMD comp.
Conclusions
In fibre optical high bit rate (such as 10G or 40G bit/s)
long-haul transmission systems, dispersion
compensation is one of the most important items to be
considered for design.
Management or optimization of residual dispersion are
required for photonic networks, i.e., for fibres, repeaters
and optical interfaces.
PMD compensation is also required especially for
40Gbit/s or higher bit rate long-haul systems.

New Functionalities For Advanced Optical Interfaces (Dispersion Compensation)

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New functionalities for advanced optical

interfaces (Dispersion compensation)

Chromatic dispersion effect

Signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion

Difference in group velocity

Waveform distortion due to fiber non-linearity

Low optical power

High optical power

Dispersion compensation example

Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF)

40 Gb/s optical signal

After fiber transmission

After dispersion comp.

DC allocations and dispersion maps

Residual dispersion and tolerance of receiver

Parameters affecting to the tolerance

Need to consider the variation of

Comparison of 40Gbit/s modulation schemes

Optical power (dBm)

Now evaluating transmission performance

A past field experiment example

Link for field trial

Dispersion maps and waveforms in the trial

Automatic dispersion compensation example

VIPA variable dispersion compensator

VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array

Dispersion compensation trend

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Differential Group Delay (DGD)

- Well defined, frequency independent eigenstates

-Frequency dependence of DGD

Mode-coupling at random locations with random strength

Automatic PMD compensation

PMD characteristic changes slowly due to

After PMD comp.

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