M M M M: Vinod Kumar.P.P Vinod Kumar.P.P

ModuleModule-I Transmissaion Media
Vinod
Kumar.P.P
Overview
- wire / optical fibre unguided - wireless characteristics and quality determined by medium and signal
guided

in unguided media - bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important in guided media - medium is more important
key
concerns are data rate and distance
Design Factors
bandwidth

higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
transmission

impairments
eg. attenuation
interference number

of receivers in guided media
more receivers introduces more attenuation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media

Frequency Range Twisted pair (with loading) Twisted pairs (multi-pair cables) Coaxial cable Optical fiber 0 to 3.5 kHz Typical Attenuation 0.2 dB/km @ 1 kHz 0.7 dB/km @ 1 kHz 7 dB/km @ 10 MHz 0.2 to 0.5 dB/km Typical Delay 50 s/km Repeater Spacing 2 km
0 to 1 MHz
5 s/km
2 km
0 to 500 MHz 186 to 370 THz
4 s/km 5 s/km
1 to 9 km 40 km
Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics

analog

needs amplifiers every 5km to 6km can use either analog or digital signals needs a repeater every 2-3km
digital

limited distance limited bandwidth (1MHz) (1MHz) limited data rate (100MHz) (100MHz) susceptible to interference and noise
Unshielded vs Shielded TP

unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) (UTP)

ordinary telephone wire cheapest easiest to install suffers from external EM interference metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference more expensive harder to handle (thick, heavy) heavy)
shielded Twisted Pair (STP) (STP)

in a variety of categories - see EIA-568 EIA-
UTP Categories
Category 3 Class C Bandwidth Cable Type Link Cost (Cat 5 =1) 16 MHz UTP 0.7 Category 5 Class D 100 MHz UTP 1 Category 5E 100 MHz UTP 1.2 Category 6 Class E 200 MHz UTP 1.5 Category 7 Class F 600 MHz SSTP 2.2
Comparison of Shielded and Unshielded Twisted Pair

Attenuation (dB per 100 m) Frequency (MHz) 1 4 16 25 100 300 Category 3 UTP 2.6 5.6 13.1 Category 5 UTP 2.0 4.1 8.2 10.4 22.0 150-ohm STP 1.1 2.2 4.4 6.2 12.3 21.4 Near-end Crosstalk (dB) Category 3 UTP 41 32 23 Category 5 UTP 62 53 44 41 32 150-ohm STP 58 58 50.4 47.5 38.5 31.3
Near End Crosstalk

coupling
of signal from one pair to another occurs when transmit signal entering the link couples back to receiving pair ie. near transmitted signal is picked up by near receiving pair
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics

superior
frequency characteristics to TP performance limited by attenuation & noise analog signals

amplifiers every few km closer if higher frequency up to 500MHz 500MHz
digital

signals
repeater every 1km closer for higher data rates
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber - Benefits

greater

capacity
data rates of hundreds of Gbps
smaller
size & weight lower attenuation electromagnetic isolation greater repeater spacing

10s of km at least
Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics

uses
total internal reflection to transmit
light

effectively acts as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
can

use several different light sources
Light Emitting Diode (LED) (LED)

cheaper, wider operating temp range, lasts longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD) (ILD)

more efficient, has greater data rate
relation
of wavelength, type & data rate
Optical Fiber Transmission Modes
Frequency Utilization for Fiber Applications

Wavelength (in vacuum) range (nm) 820 to 900 1280 to 1350 1528 to 1561 1561 to 1620 Frequency Range (THz) 366 to 333 234 to 222 196 to 192 192 to 185 S C L Band Label Fiber Type Application
Multimode Single mode Single mode Single mode
LAN Various WDM WDM
Attenuation in Guided Media
Wireless Transmission Frequencies

2GHz to 40GHz

microwave highly directional point to point satellite omnidirectional broadcast radio infrared local
30MHz to 1GHz

3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014

Antennas

electrical conductor used to radiate or collect electromagnetic energy transmission antenna

radio frequency energy from transmitter converted to electromagnetic energy byy antenna radiated into surrounding environment electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna converted to radio frequency electrical energy fed to receiver
reception antenna

same antenna is often used for both purposes
Radiation Pattern
power
radiated in all directions not same performance in all directions

as seen in a radiation pattern diagram
an

isotropic antenna is a (theoretical) point in space

radiates in all directions equally with a spherical radiation pattern
Parabolic Reflective Antenna
Antenna Gain
measure
of directionality of antenna power output in particular direction verses that produced by an isotropic antenna measured in decibels (dB) (dB) results in loss in power in another direction effective area relates to size and shape

related to gain
Terrestrial Microwave

used for long haul telecommunications and short point-to-point links point-torequires fewer repeaters but line of sight use a parabolic dish to focus a narrow beam onto a receiver antenna 1-40GHz frequencies higher frequencies give higher data rates main source of loss is attenuation

distance, rainfall
also interference
Satellite Microwave

satellite is relay station receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal and transmits on another frequency

eg. uplink 5.925-6.425 GHz & downlink 3.7-4.2 GHz 925height of 35,784km 35,784km spaced at least 3-4r apart television long distance telephone private business networks global positioning
typically requires geo-stationary orbit geo
typical uses

Satellite Frequency Bands

Band L C Ku Ka Uplink Frequency Range (GHz) 1.6465-1.66 5.925-6.425 14.0-14.5 27.5-30.5 Downlink Frequency Range (GHz) 1.545-1.5585 3.7-4.2 11.7-12.2 17.7-21.7
Satellite Point to Point Link
Satellite Broadcast Link
Broadcast Radio
radio
is 3kHz to 300GHz 300GHz use broadcast radio, 30MHz - 1GHz, for: 30MHz

FM radio UHF and VHF television
is
omnidirectional still need line of sight suffers from multipath interference

reflections from land, water, other objects
Infrared
modulate
noncoherent infrared light end line of sight (or reflection) reflection) are blocked by walls no licenses required typical uses

TV remote control IRD port
Wireless Propagation Ground Wave
Wireless Propagation Sky Wave
Wireless Propagation Line of Sight
Refraction

velocity of electromagnetic wave is a function of density of material

~3 x 108 m/s in vacuum, less in anything else

speed changes as move between media Index of refraction (refractive index) is

sin(incidence)/sin(refraction) sin(incidence)/sin(refraction) varies with wavelength density of atmosphere decreases with height results in bending towards earth of radio waves hence optical and radio horizons differ
have gradual bending if medium density varies

Line of Sight Transmission

Free

space loss Absorption
loss of signal with distance from water vapour and oxygen absorption multiple interfering signals from reflections bending signal away from receiver
Atmospheric

Multipath

Refraction

Free Space Loss
Multipath Interference
Summary
looked
at data transmission issues frequency, spectrum & bandwidth analog vs digital signals transmission impairments

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ModuleModule-I Transmissaion Media

concerns are data rate and distance

higher bandwidth gives higher data rate

of receivers in guided media

more receivers introduces more attenuation

Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media

0 to 500 MHz 186 to 370 THz

Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics

unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) (UTP)

shielded Twisted Pair (STP) (STP)

in a variety of categories - see EIA-568 EIA-

Comparison of Shielded and Unshielded Twisted Pair

Near End Crosstalk

Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics

frequency characteristics to TP  performance limited by attenuation & noise  analog signals

amplifiers every few km closer if higher frequency up to 500MHz 500MHz

repeater every 1km closer for higher data rates

Optical Fiber - Benefits

data rates of hundreds of Gbps

Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics

total internal reflection to transmit

effectively acts as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz

use several different light sources

Light Emitting Diode (LED) (LED)

Injection Laser Diode (ILD) (ILD)

of wavelength, type & data rate

Optical Fiber Transmission Modes

Frequency Utilization for Fiber Applications

Multimode Single mode Single mode Single mode

LAN Various WDM WDM

Attenuation in Guided Media

Wireless Transmission Frequencies

electrical conductor used to radiate or collect electromagnetic energy transmission antenna

same antenna is often used for both purposes

radiated in all directions  not same performance in all directions

as seen in a radiation pattern diagram

isotropic antenna is a (theoretical) point in space

Parabolic Reflective Antenna

typically requires geo-stationary orbit geo 

Satellite Frequency Bands

Satellite Point to Point Link

Satellite Broadcast Link

FM radio UHF and VHF television

omnidirectional  still need line of sight  suffers from multipath interference

reflections from land, water, other objects

TV remote control IRD port

Wireless Propagation Ground Wave

Wireless Propagation Sky Wave

Wireless Propagation Line of Sight

velocity of electromagnetic wave is a function of density of material

speed changes as move between media Index of refraction (refractive index) is

have gradual bending if medium density varies

Line of Sight Transmission

space loss Absorption

Free Space Loss

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frequency characteristics to TP performance limited by attenuation & noise analog signals

radiated in all directions not same performance in all directions

typically requires geo-stationary orbit geo

omnidirectional still need line of sight suffers from multipath interference