COLLEGE OF

HORTICULTURE
C.A.U

ASSIGNMENT ON NEMATODE
PEST OF HORTICULTURAL
CROPS AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT PPS-212
PRESENTED BY

PRESENTED BY:

SAMSON DEBBARMA
12/hort/15
Bsc. Horticulture
2nd year, 3rd sem
TOPIC: Damages caused by
nematodes on horticultural crops.
Potato
Nematodes
Scientific names:
Northern root knot nematode:Meloidogyne hapla
Southern root knot nematode:Meloidogyne incognita
Lesion nematode:Pratylenchus penetransandP.
neglectus
Stubby root nematode:Paratrichodorussp.
ONION AND GARLIC
Nematodes
Scientific names:
Stem and bulb nematode:Ditylenchus dipsaci
Root knot nematode:Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita,
M. javanica,andM. chitwoodi
Stubby root nematode:Paratrichodorussp.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES ARE MICROSCOPIC ROUNDWORMS
THAT LIVE IN SOIL AND PLANT TISSUE AND FEED ON PLANTS BY
PUNCTURING AND SUCKING THE CELL CONTENTS WITH A NEEDLE
LIKE MOUTHPART CALLED A STYLET. THE STEM AND BULB
NEMATODE LIVES WITHIN THE PLANT, FEEDING IN STEMS, LEAVES,
AND BULBS. DAMAGE
STEM AND BULB NEMATODE AND ROOT KNOT NEMATODES CAUSE
SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE AND ARE OF MAJOR CONCERN IN
CALIFORNIA. THE STEM AND BULB NEMATODE PENETRATES THE
GERMINATING CLOVE AND DESTROYS TISSUE AS IT MOVES
THROUGH SEEKING FOOD. NEMATODES SUCKING THE CELL
CONTENTS AND SALIVARY SECRETIONS CAUSE THE CELLS TO
COLLAPSE. ROOT KNOT NEMATODES CAN CAUSE STUNTING AND
REDUCE A STAND. STUBBY ROOT NEMATODE CAUSES STUNTING OF
PLANTS.
SYMPTOMS
PLANTS INFESTED WITH THE STEM AND BULB NEMATODE HAVE
DISTORTED AND BLOATED TISSUE WITH A SPONGY APPEARANCE;
THE PLANTS ARE STUNTED WITH SHORTENED AND THICKENED
LEAVES, OFTEN WITH BROWN OR YELLOWISH SPOTS. THE BULB
TISSUE BEGINS SOFTENING AT THE NECK AND GRADUALLY
PROCEEDS DOWNWARD; THE SCALES APPEAR PALE GRAY, AND THE
BULBS DESICCATE AND SPLIT AT THE BASE UNDER DRY CONDITIONS
Brinjal
Nematodes
Scientific Name:
Root knot nematode: Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M.
incognita,and M. javanica
DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES SPEND PART OF THEIR LIFE
INSIDE PLANT ROOTS, AND PART IN SOIL. SECOND-
STAGE JUVENILE NEMATODES HATCH FROM EGGS THAT
REMAIN IN THE SOIL AFTER CROP HARVEST. THEY THEN
MOVE THROUGH THE SOIL AND PENETRATE AND ENTER
THE ROOTS OF HOST PLANTS.
DAMAGE
ROOT KNOT NEMATODES CAUSE CHARACTERISTIC
GALLS ON ROOTS; GALLS MAY BE UP TO 1 INCH IN
DIAMETER, BUT ARE USUALLY SMALLER. THESE GALLS
INTERFERE WITH THE FLOW OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS
TO THE PLANT; INFECTED PLANTS APPEAR LESS
VIGOROUS THAN HEALTHY PLANTS, MAY BE YELLOWED,
ARE PRONE TO WILT IN HOT WEATHER, AND RESPOND
POORLY TO FERTILIZER. DAMAGE AREAS USUALLY
APPEAR AS IRREGULAR PATCHES AND ARE FREQUENTLY
ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTER-TEXTURED SOILS.
 Carrot

Nematodes
Scientific Names:
Root knot nematodes: Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M.
hapla, and M. arenaria
Stubby root nematode: Paratrichodorus sp.
Needle nematode: Longidorus africanus.
DESCRIPTION
Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that live in diverse habitats. Plant-
parasitic nematodes live in soil and plant tissues and feed on plants by
puncturing cell walls and sucking the cell contents with a needlelike
mouthpart called a stylet. Nearly 90 species of nematodes have been
reported in association with carrots.
Among nematodes that affect carrot, root knot nematodes are the most
important.

DAMAGE
Root knot nematodes can cause substantial damage and are of major
concern in California. Their parasitic activity can damage the growing root tip
and result in a forked, distorted, or stunted taproot.

SYMPTOMS
The symptoms described below are suggestive of a nematode
problem, but are not diagnostic as they can result from other
diseases or abiotic causes. Injury of the growing root tip by
nematodes often causes forking of the taproot, stubbing,
fasciculation (bunching) of the roots, and a predisposition to wilting.
Cucurbits
Nematodes
Scientific Names:
Root knot nematode:Meloidogyne arenaria, M.
incognita,andM. javanica
Lesion nematode:Pratylenchusspp.
Stubby root nematode:Trichodorussp.
andParatrichodorussp.
Needle nematode:Longidorus africanus
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
NEMATODES ARE TYPICALLY MICROSCOPIC ELONGATED ROUNDWORMS
THAT OCCUR IN NEARLY EVERY AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL
ENVIRONMENT. THE VAST MAJORITY OF SOIL-DWELLING NEMATODES
CANNOT HARM PLANTS BUT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE SOIL FOOD
WEB AND IN NUTRIENT CYCLING. PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OBTAIN
THEIR FOOD ONLY FROM LIVING PLANT TISSUES. THEY FEED BY
PUNCTURING CELLS AND WITHDRAWING THE CONTENTS WITH A NEEDLE-
LIKE MOUTHPART CALLED A STYLET.
SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGE
THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS MAY BE INDICATIONS OF A NEMATODE
PROBLEM BUT COULD ALSO RESULT FROM OTHER BIOTIC OR ABIOTIC
CAUSES SUCH AS FUNGAL DISEASES, INSECT INJURY, IRRIGATION
PROBLEMS, OR NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES. ABOVEGROUND SYMPTOMS FOR
PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES MAY INCLUDE PATCHES OF VARIABLE CROP
GROWTH WITHSTUNTED, CHLOROTIC, AND/OR EXCESSIVELYWILTED
PLANTS. OFTEN THE SIZE OF LEAVES AND NUMBER OF FLOWERS ARE
REDUCED.
ROOT KNOT NEMATODES(MELOIDOGYNESPP.) ARE BY FAR THE MOST
IMPORTANT PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES IN CUCURBITS.
LESION NEMATODES ARE MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITES THAT INVADE
ROOTS AND MOVE AND FEED WITHIN THE ROOT CORTEX. IN CONTRAST
TO ROOT KNOT NEMATODES, THEY ARE ABLE TO LEAVE THE HOST IF
CONDITIONS BECOME UNFAVORABLE. INFESTATION MAY CAUSE REDDISH
COLE CROPS
NEMATODES
SCIENTIFIC NAMES:
CABBAGE CYST NEMATODE: HETERODERA CRUCIFERAE
ROOT KNOT NEMATODE: MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA, M.
JAVANICA, M. ARENARIA, AND M. HAPLA
SUGARBEET CYST NEMATODE: HETERODERA SCHACHTII
Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic roundworms that feed on plant
roots. They live in soil and plant tissues and several species may occur in a
field. The host range varies according to the species, with some being able
to infest a wide variety of crops, and others being limited to a narrow crop
range.
DAMAGE
Two genera of plant parasitic nematodes,Heterodera(cyst nematodes)
andMeloidogyne(root knot nematodes), are considered important
pests of cole crops. Root knot nematodes occur in a wide range of soil
types, but are most common and cause greatest damage in coarse-
textured sandy, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms described below are indicative of a nematode problem, but
are not diagnostic because they could result from other causes such as
diseases, insect injury, or nutrient deficiencies. Infestations may occur
without causing any aboveground symptoms.
Symptoms of cyst nematode infestation include patches of stunted or
dying plants, yellowing of foliage, and reduction in head and curd size.
White, pinhead size, lemon-shaped females and brown cysts can be seen
on the root surface upon careful observation. Cyst nematodes do not
induce gall formation on the roots.
Nematodes
Scientific Names:
Citrus nematode:Tylenchulus
semipenetrans
Sheath nematode:Hemicycliophora
arenaria
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic, unsegmented
roundworms that live in soil and plant tissues and feed on plant
roots. . Citrus nematode attacks roots by burrowing its anterior end
deep inside the root cortex while the posterior end remains outside
in the soil.

DAMAGE
Damage caused by a citrus nematode infestation depends on the age
and vigor of the tree, density of the nematode population, and
susceptibility of the rootstock. Mature trees can tolerate a
considerable number of these nematodes before showing lack of
vigor and decline symptoms.

SYMPTOMS
The symptoms described below are typical of a nematode problem
but are not diagnostic, because they could result from other causes
as well. Aboveground symptoms of nematode damage are lack of
vigor, twig dieback, decline in growth, and reduced fruit size and
yield. Nematode infestations may occur without inducing any
aboveground symptoms. Belowground symptoms of a citrus
nematode infestation include poor growth of feeder roots, and soil
adhering to roots giving them a dirty appearance.
Beet root
Nematodes
Scientific names:
Beet cyst nematode:Heterodera schachtii
Root knot nematodes:Meloidogynespp.
Needle nematode:Longidorus africanus
Lesion nematodes:Pratylenchusspp.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic non segmented roundworms. The beet cyst nematode parasitizes more than 200 plant species in many different
families. The most important agronomical hosts belong to the Chenopodiaceae (e.g. beets, sugarbeets, spinach) and Cruciferae (e.g. broccoli, Brussels

sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, canola). The beet cyst nematodes over-winter in soil as eggs or as juveniles in their eggshell within cysts. DAMAGE
Infestations with the beet cyst nematode may be fairly regularly distributed throughout a field or, more commonly, may occur in several randomly
distributed, localized areas. It typically takes several years before the population densities increase to levels that affect plant growth and cause obvious
aboveground symptoms.
Sugarbeet
Nematodes
Scientific names:
Sugarbeet cyst:Heterodera schachtii
Root knot:Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M.
arenaria M. hapla,andM. chitwoodi
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic roundworms that feed on
plant roots. They survive in soil and plant tissues and several species
may exist in a field. They have a wide host range, and vary in their
environmental requirements and in the symptoms they induce.
DAMAGE
Infestationsof sugarbeet cyst nematode may be localized or spread
over an entire field. In heavily-infested soils, seedling emergence may
be delayed or seedlings may be killed before emergence, resulting in
a reduced stand. Seedlings infested with sugarbeet cyst nematodes
may be predisposed to secondary infection by soilborne fungi.
Meloidogyne incognitaandM. javanicaare the most damaging of root
knot nematode species found in sugarbeet.
SYMPTOMS
sugarbeet cyst nematode may have longer petioles than normal, with
green or yellow leaves depending on the severity of infestation.
Plants are likely to be stunted and wilted. Heavy infestation by root
knot nematodes in sandy soils may cause plants to wilt and
collapse.swellings (galls) can be seen on fibrous roots and the tap

root, which may have a warty appearance .

Tomato
Root Knot Nematode
Scientific
name:Meloidogynespp.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST
Mature female root knot nematodes are pear-
shaped and about 0.01 inch long. Root knot
nematodes spend most of their life in
galls. Mature females resemble tiny, white pearls;
they sometimes can be seen with the use of a
hand lens when root galls are cut open.
DAMAGE
Root knot nematodes cause characteristic galls on
roots; galls may be up to 1 inch in diameter, but
are usually smaller. These galls interfere with the
flow of water and nutrients to the plant; infected
plants appear less vigorous than healthy plants,
may be yellowed, are prone to wilt in hot
weather, and respond poorly to fertilizer. Damage
areas usually appear as irregular patches and are
frequently associated with lighter-textured soils.
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