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    Bacterial Classification

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    Asim
    This document discusses bacterial classification and summarization. It describes how bacteria are classified using modern taxonomy, which includes nomenclature, classification based on shared properties, and identification by comparing properties to known groups. Bacteria are classified using artificial or phylogenetic systems, with historical classification based on phenotypes and modern classification using genetic information and phylogenetics. Methods of bacterial characterization described include colony morphology, cell morphology, physiological/biochemical tests, chemical analysis, serological reactions, phylogenetic analysis of G-C content, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

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    Bacterial Classification

    Uploaded by

    Asim
    195 views7 pages
    This document discusses bacterial classification and summarization. It describes how bacteria are classified using modern taxonomy, which includes nomenclature, classification based on shared properties, and identification by comparing properties to known groups. Bacteria are classified using artificial or phylogenetic systems, with historical classification based on phenotypes and modern classification using genetic information and phylogenetics. Methods of bacterial characterization described include colony morphology, cell morphology, physiological/biochemical tests, chemical analysis, serological reactions, phylogenetic analysis of G-C content, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

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    This document discusses bacterial classification and summarization. It describes how bacteria are classified using modern taxonomy, which includes nomenclature, classification based on shared properties, and identification by comparing properties to known groups. Bacteria are classified using artificial or phylogenetic systems, with historical classification based on phenotypes and modern classification using genetic information and phylogenetics. Methods of bacterial characterization described include colony morphology, cell morphology, physiological/biochemical tests, chemical analysis, serological reactions, phylogenetic analysis of G-C content, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    195 views7 pages

    Bacterial Classification

    Uploaded by

    Asim
    This document discusses bacterial classification and summarization. It describes how bacteria are classified using modern taxonomy, which includes nomenclature, classification based on shared properties, and identification by comparing properties to known groups. Bacteria are classified using artificial or phylogenetic systems, with historical classification based on phenotypes and modern classification using genetic information and phylogenetics. Methods of bacterial characterization described include colony morphology, cell morphology, physiological/biochemical tests, chemical analysis, serological reactions, phylogenetic analysis of G-C content, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 7
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are the modern features of taxonomy including nomenclature, classification and identification. Bacteria and archaea can be classified using artificial or natural (phylogenetic) systems and have historically been classified based on phenotypes.

    The different features of modern taxonomy include nomenclature (giving names), classification (ordering organisms into groups based on shared properties), and identification (determining which species an organism belongs to based on comparison to known taxonomic groups).

    Bacteria and archaea have been classified historically based on phenotypes including morphology, staining reactions, biochemistry, and substrates/products. They have also been classified using artificial or phenotypic characterization and classification systems.

    BACTERIAL

    CLASSIFICATION
    DR. M. ASHRAF, Ph.D.
    (MICROBIOLOGY & MOLECULAR
    GENETICS)
    NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC, FAISALABAD
    Taxonomy of Bacteria and Archaea
    Modern taxonomy comprises the following features:

    Nomenclature:
    Giving names of appropriate taxonomic rank to the
    classified organisms
    Classification:
    The theory and process of ordering the organisms, on the
    basis of shared properties, into groups
    Identification:
    Obtaining data on the properties of the organism
    (characterization) and determination which species it belongs to.
    This is based on direct comparison to known taxonomic groups

    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 2


    Classification of Bacteria and Archaea
    Prokaryotes classified
    using artificial or natural (phylogenetic) systems
    Historically on the basis of :
    Phenotype (morphology, staining reactions, biochemistry,
    substrates/products, antigens etc)
    Phenotypic characterization
    Based on the information carried in the products of the genes
    Classification systems -artificial
    Modern characterization based on
    The information carried in the genes i.e. the genome
    Genetic information
    -Tell something about evolution of the organism i.e.,

    Phylogenetics

    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 3


    BACTERIAL
    CHARACTERIZATION
    COLONY MORPHOLOGY
    Shape, Size, Appearance, Color, Texture, Growth pattern, etc.
    CELL MORPHOLOGY
    Cell shape, Size, Staining reaction, Endospores, Capsule
    formation, Oil granules, etc.
    PHYSIOLOGICAL/BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Enzymes reactions, biochemical properties fairly reliable &
    stable
    Number of tests for presence of specific enzymes, nutritional
    and metabolic requirements
    Fermentation of sugars, capacity to digest proteins &
    polysaccharides
    Production of gas, presence of catalase, oxidase,
    decarboxylase, NR enzymes
    Sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs
    CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
    Types special structural substances chemical composition cell
    wall peptides, membranes lipids, etc.

    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 4


    BACTERIAL
    CHARACTERIZATION
    SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    Antigen, Antibody reactions
    Laboratory kits available for identification
    PHYLOGENETIC POR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS
    G + C COMPOSITION
    Over all %age of G+C/A+T
    Stable trait does not change rapidly
    Significant difference in G+C/A+T Distinct bacteria
    e.g., E. coli vs. Pseudomonas sp.
    Gram reaction, Cell Morphology, Shape Similar
    G+C 48-52% vs 58-70% -Different
    DNA HYBRIDIZATION
    DNA /RNA probes with specific sequence
    -use to identify/establish phylogenetic relationship
    NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE AND rRNA ANALYSIS
    rRNA sequences remain more or less stable
    16S rRNA signature use to separate the groups
    Identification at the species level
    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 5
    Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
    9th Edition, Willims & Wilkins Co. USA
    Division I. Gracilicutes: Gram-negative Bacteria
    Class 1. Scotobacteria, Gram-negative non-photosynthetic bacteria
    Class 2. Anoxyphotobacteria, Gram-negative Photosynthetic
    bacteria that do not produce oxygen (purple & green
    bacteria)
    Class 3. Oxyphotobacteria, Gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria
    that evolve oxygen (Cyanobacteria)

    Division II. Firmicutes : Gram-positive bacteria


    Class1. Firmibacteria, Gram-positive rods or cocci
    Class 2. Thallobacteria, Gram-positive branching cells (the Actino
    mycetes)

    Division III. Tenericutes


    Class1. Mollicutes, Bacteria lacking a cell wall (the Mycoplasma)

    Division IV. Mendosicutes


    Class1. Archaebacteria, bacteria with atypical compounds in the
    cell wall and membranes

    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 6


    PROTEOBACTERIA
    Classification based on rRNA sequences
    Named for Greek god Proteus
    All G-ve with cell membrane mostly composed
    of lipopolysaccharides
    Alpha () proteobacteria
    Beta () proteobacteria
    Gamma () proteobacteria
    Delta () proteobacteria
    Epsilon () proteobacteria

    Dr. M. Ashraf, PS, NIAB, PIEAS, PAEC 7

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