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Symbolic Logic Foundations: An Overview: CSD Prosem

The document provides an overview of symbolic logic foundations and logic programming from two perspectives. It introduces several logical systems, including propositional calculus (LPC), first-order logic (LI), modal logic (LPML), and second-order logic (LII). It discusses their alphabets, grammars, proof theories, semantics, and metatheories. It also presents some example problems involving propositional logic, first-order logic, and their proof theories.

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Reni Hoxhaj
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131 views

Symbolic Logic Foundations: An Overview: CSD Prosem

The document provides an overview of symbolic logic foundations and logic programming from two perspectives. It introduces several logical systems, including propositional calculus (LPC), first-order logic (LI), modal logic (LPML), and second-order logic (LII). It discusses their alphabets, grammars, proof theories, semantics, and metatheories. It also presents some example problems involving propositional logic, first-order logic, and their proof theories.

Uploaded by

Reni Hoxhaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Symbolic Logic Foundations:

An Overview
F03

CSD ProSem
Selmer Bringsjord
selmer@rpi.edu
www.rpi.edu/~brings
Logic Programming: Two
Perspectives
Logic Programming as arising from Herbrands
Theorem, etc.
Logic Programming as using a logical system (in
mathematical sense of this phrase)
I will take second perspective, which subsumes first
E.g., completeness theorem for first-order logic (L I)
allows one to affirm Herbrands Theorem
This theorem fully done in LCU
What you need to know to understand second
perspective is precisely what you need to know to
understand first
Logical Systems
(Are Programming Langs in here?)
Name Alphabet Grammar Proof Semantics Metatheory
Theory

LPC p, q, r, and Easy Fitch-style and Truth tables! Sound,


truth- natural complete,
Propositional Calculus
functional deduction compact,
connectives decidable

LI Add variables Easy Fitch-style and Structures and Sound,


x, y, and natural interpretations complete,
First-Order Logic
deduction compact,
undecidable

LPML Add box and Wffs created Add Possible Same as PC


diamond for by prefixing necessitation, worlds
necessity and new operators etc.
possibility to wffs

LII New variables Pretty obvious New adapt Quantification Sound but not
for predicates quantifier rules over subsets in complete
domain
allowed
Readings
AIMA
Natural Deduction on Pollocks web site
OTTER manual
Logic and AI: Divorced, Still Married
http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/COURSES/ILOGPROG/lai.ed2.pdf

LCU
http://www.rpi.edu/~faheyj2/SB/LCU/lcu.driver.pdf
LPC (Propositional Calculus)
Where we left off: Logic Theorist problems
in OTTER
Ad lib in HYPERPROOF
Some problems
NYS 1, NYS 2, NYS 3, J-L 1
Semantics of Propositional Calculus: Truth
Tables
Boole
Via HYPERPROOF
Full formal view: LCU
NYS 1
Given the statements

a b
b
ca

which one of the following statements must also be true?

c
b
c
h
a
none of the above
NYS 2

Which one of the following statements is logically equivalent to the


following statement: If you are not part of the solution, then you
are part of the problem.

If you are part of the solution, then you are not part of the problem.

If you are not part of the problem, then you are part of the solution.

If you are part of the problem, then you are not part of the solution.

If you are not part of the problem, then you are not part of the
solution.
NYS 3
Given the statements
c
ca
a b
bd
(d e)

which one of the following statements must also be


true?
e
c
e
h
a
all of the above
J-L 1
Suppose that the following premise is true:

If there is a king in the hand, then there is an ace


in the hand, or else if there isnt a king in the hand,
then there is an ace.

What can you infer from this premise?

NO! There is an ace in the hand. NO!

In fact, what you can infer is that there isnt an ace in the hand!
Proof Theory of LI (First-order logic)

Ad lib in HYPERPROOF
Syllogisms in OTTER
Dreadsbury Mansion Mystery
The Bird Problem
The Dreadsbury Mansion Mystery
Someone who lives in Dreadsbury Mansion killed Aunt Agatha.
Agatha, the butler, and Charles live in Dreadsbury Mansion, and
are the only people who live therein. A killer always hates his
victim, and is never richer than his victim. Charles hates no one
that Aunt Agatha hates. Agatha hates everyone except the butler.
The butler hates everyone not richer than Aunt Agatha. The
CanAgatha
butler hates everyone you get it, prove
hates. No oneit?
hates everyone.
Agatha is not the butler.

Now, given the above clues, there is a bit of disagreement


between three (competent?) Norwegian detectives. Inspector
Bjorn is sure that Charles didnt do it. Is he right? Inspector
Reidar is sure that it was a suicide. Is he right? Inspector Olaf is
sure that the butler, despite conventional wisdom, is innocent. Is
he right?
The Bird Problem
Is the following assertion true or false? Prove that you are correct.

There exists something which is such that if its a bird, then


everything is a bird.

x(B(x) yB(y))

Good litmus test for mastery of proof theory in FOL


Metatheory for PC and FOL
Soundness
If you start with true propositions in an agents knowledge base, deduction from
that kb will always yield a true conclusion.
Completeness
If something intuitively follows from a given kb, then the agent can prove it
from the kb.
Decidability & undecidability
If Dec: There is a decision algorithm which can tell you whether a given formula
is a theorem.
Compactness
Not today
Herbrands Theorem etc.
Not today
Godels Theorem
Not today
LII not complete
Not today
Lindstroms Theorems

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