HUMAN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Growth
is the increase in the
physical structure or whole
as by product of cell division
and multiplication
Quantitative change
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
2 Parameters of Growth
Weight
is the most sensitive
indicators of growth especially
low birth weight(LBW).
It is measured in gms,
kilograms or pounds
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
2 Parameters of Growth
Weight
Double by 5-6 months
Triple by 12 months
Quadruples by 2-2 years
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
2 Parameters of Growth
Height
Measured in inches, feet or
centimeters
Increase by 1 inch per month
in the 1st 6 months
per month from age 7-12
months
Average increase in height
during the 1st year of life is 50%
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
DEVELOPMENT
Is the increase in the skills
or capacity to function
Qualititative Change
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
How to measure Development
By directly observing child's
performance
By noting parents description of
childs progress
By DDST( Denver Developmental
Screening test); In the Philippines,
it is modified as MMDST( Metro
Manila Developmental Screening
Test)
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
4 Main Rated Categories of
DDST
Language- is the ability of the
child to communicate
Personal Social- is the ability of
the child to interact
Fine Motor Adaptive- is the
prehensile ability or activity to
use hand movements
Gross Motor Skills- is the ability
to use large body movements
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
MATURATION
Is used synonymously with
development, also known as
readiness
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Increase in abilities to solve
problems, to understand and
applies learning experience, to
accommodate knowledge and
adapt to practical settings, and
dexterity to handle new
situations.
IQ Test- tool to measure cognitive
development
Formula: Mental age x 100= IQ
Chronological age
 Basic Division in Life
Stages of Growth and Development
Pre-natal- conception to birth
Infancy
o Neonatal- is the first 28 days or 4
weeks of life
o Formal Infancy- from 29th day to 1
year
Early Childhood
o Toddler-1-3 years
o Pre-school- 4-6 years
 Basic Division in Life
Stages of Growth and Development
Middle Childhood
o School Age-7-12 years
Late Childhood
o Preadolescence- 11-13 years
o Adolescence-12 -18
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Growth and Development is a
continuous process that begins with
conception and ends in death.-
principle of womb to tomb
Not all parts of the body grow at the
same time or at the same rate-
principle of Asynchronism
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Patterns of Growth
o Renal, digestive, circulatory and
musculo-skeletal system proceeds
fairly smoothly during childhood
o Neurologic tissue (brain & spinal
cord) grows rapidly during the
first 1-2 years of life. Brain
achieves its adult proportion by 5
years old.
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Patterns of Growth
o Lymphoid tissue-(spleen, tonsils,
lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels
and thymus) grow rapidly during
infancy and childhood. Tonsils
achieve its adult proportion by 5
years old
o Reproductive organs grow rapidly
during puberty.
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Rate of Growth
o Fetal and Infancy-period of most
rapid growth and development
o Toddler- period of slow growth
o Pre-school- period of alternating
rapid and slow
o School age-another period of slow
growth and development
o Adolescence-period of rapid
growth and development
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Each child is unique
o 2 Primary Factors Affecting
Growth and Development
a.Heredity
Race
Intelligence
Sex
1. Females are born less in
length than males by 1 inch
2. Females are born less in
weight than males in 1 ounce
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Each child is unique
o 2 Primary Factors Affecting
Growth and Development
b. Environment
Quality of Nutrition
Socio- Economic status
Health
Ordinal position in the family
Parent- child relationship
 Principles of Growth &
Development
Growth and development occurs in
a regular direction reflecting
definite and predictable patterns
or trends
o Trends can be:
o Directional- reflects the
direction of development of
neuromuscular functions: seen
in physical, social and
emotional development
Principles of Growth &
Development
o Trends can be:
o a. Cephalocaudal- (head to tail)
neuromuscular controls
begins from the head and
proceeds along the long axis
of the body for control of
the trunks and upper
extremity then lastly the
legs
Principles of Growth &
Development
o Trends can be:
o b. Proximo- distal (centro-
distal) from center of the body
to the extremities
Growth Pattern
Principles of Growth
& Development
o Trends can be:
o c.Symmetrical- each side of
the body develops in the
same direction in the same
rate.
Principles of Growth
& Development
o Trends can be:
o d. mass- specific-
(differentiation)- functions are
learned from simple to
complex; behavioral pattern
change from broad to specific
Principles of Growth
& Development
Sequential- growth and
development proceeds through
normal and known chain of events
or stages
o Locomotion- child creeps and
crawl before standing, stands
before walking, and walks before
running
o Language and social skills-
crying--- coos---- vowel sounds---
full words.
Principles of Growth
& Development
Secular- refers to the world wide
trend of maturing ealier and
growing larger as compared to
succeeding generations
Principles of Growth
& Development
5.Behavior is the best gauge of
normal development
6. PLAY is the universal language of a
child
7.Perfect practice makes perfect
learning
8. A right time for initiation of
learning and experiences is waiting
for every individual
9. Primitive neonatal reflexes are lost
first for the next development to
occur.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
1. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
An Austrian Neurologist,
founder of Psycho analysis, and
the first person to offer the
theory of personality
development
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
1. Oral Phase- Infancy(0-18
months)
o Site of gratification: mouth
o Activity: biting; crying, sucking
and the like for enjoyment and
release of tension
o Significance: Provide oral
stimulation even if the baby is
place in NPO such as offering
pacifier, and never discourage
thumb sucking
Oral Stage
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
2. Anal Phase - Toddlerhood( 18
months- 3 years old)
o Site of gratification: anal region
o Activity- Toilet training,
elimination or retention of feces
and urine may occur
o Significance: Help the child
achieve bladder and bowel control
even if hospitalized. The period
when obsessive- compulsive
behavior originates
Anal Stage
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
3. Phallic Phase- Preschool ( 4-6
years old)
o Site of gratification: genitalia
o Activity: The child may show
exhibitionism and increased
knowledge on both sexes. May
perform masturbation
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
3. Phallic Phase- Preschool ( 4-6
years old)
o Significance: Accept the child
fondling of his or her genitalia as a
normal area of exploration. In the
case of masturbation, explain to
the child that things like this must
be done in a private place or divert
the attention. Answer the
questions directly as this is the
right time to introduce sexuality.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
Oedipus or Electra Complexes
may be present characterized
by identification of the pre-
schooler to parent of he same
sex and attachment to parent
of the opposite sex.
.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
4. Latent Phase- School age (7-12
years old)
o Known as the Age of suppression
because of no obvious development
o Childs energy( Libido) is diverted to a
more concrete type of thinking
o Significance: Help the child achieve
positive experiences so that he/she
will ready to face the conflict of
adolescence
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Phases of Psychosexual Theory
5. Genital Phase-Adolescence (12-18
years old)
o Site of gratification: genitalia
o Activity: Learns to establish
satisfactory relationship with the
opposite sex
o Significance: Give an opportunity to
relate with the opposite sex.
Theories of Growth
& Development
Developmental task
Are growth responsibilities or
challenges that every person
must resolve at a right time as
a requirement for
accomplishment of future
tasks. The successful mastery
of each tasks can result in the
development of a virtue or
personality strength. It is
different from chronological
age.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
II. Erik Erickson
Former students of Sigmund
Freud trained in
psychoanalysis. Stressed the
importance of culture and
society to the development of
ones personality.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
THEORY
A. Trust vs. Mistrust- Infancy (0-12
months)
Developmental Tasks:
o TRUST- is the foundation of all
the psychosocial tasks
o Theme: To give and receive
o
 Theories of Growth
& Development
How to develop Trust
1. Satisfy the needs on time
2. Care must be consistent and
adequate
3. Give an experience that will add
to security; touch, hugs, and
kisses , eye to eye contact and
soft music
Virtue Developed: Faith and
Optimism
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
THEORY
A. Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt- Toddlerhood
18months-12 years old)
Developmental Tasks:
o Autonomy or Independence
 Theories of Growth
& Development
How to Develop Autonomy
1. Give an opportunity for decision
making
2. Encourage the child to make
decisions rather than judge
Virtue Developed: Self control and
will power
 Theories of Growth
& Development
C. Initiative vs. Guilt- Pre- school
age (4-
Developmental Tasks:
Initiative- let the child learns how
to do basic things.
How to develop Initiative:
o Give an opportunity to explore
new places and events such as
bringing the child to an
amusement park
 Theories of Growth
& Development
D. Initiative vs. Guilt- Pre- school
age (4-6)
Activity
o Finger painting and modeling clay-
enhance imagination, creativity, and
fine motor development
Virtue Developed: Direction and
Purpose
 Theories of Growth
& Development
E. Industry vs. Inferiority-School
age (7-12 years old)
Developmental Tasks
o Industry- guide the child
learns how to do things well
How to develop Industry
1. Give short assignment and
projects
Virtue Developed: Competence
 Theories of Growth
& Development
F. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence (12-18 years old)
Developmental Tasks
Identity as the adolescent adjusts to
changes in his/ her body and
seek freedom from parents to
learn who he/ she is or what kind
of person he or she will be in the
future.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
G. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence (12-18 years old)
Significance
Help the person accept himself/
herself
Virtue Developed: Devotion and
Fidelity
 Theories of Growth
& Development
H. Intimacy vs. Isolation- Early
Adulthood (18-25-30 years old
Developmental Task:
Intimacy- young adult seeks
companionship and love with
another person that results to
ability to receive and give love
Significance:
Encourage a mutual relationship
& responsible sexual behavior
Virtue developed: Love and
Commitment
 Theories of Growth
& Development
I. Generativity vs. Stagnation-
Middle adult ( 30-45 years old)
Generativity-middle age adults
contribute to next generation by
performing a meaningful works
as they extend their concern to
the community and the world
Significance:
Encourage them to be an active
member of the community
Virtue developed: Care
 Theories of Growth
& Development
H. Ego Integrity vs. Despair- Late
adulthood (45 years old and
above)
Developmental tasks:
Integrity- older adults try to
make sense out of their lives as
they have feelings of self
acceptance, dignity, worth and
importance.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
Significance:
Accept their bodily limitations
but encourage them to share their
wisdom and explore the
philosophy of life and death
Virtue Developed: Wisdom
 Theories of Growth
& Development
III. JEAN PIAGET
A Swiss psychologists and
founder of the theory of
Cognitive Development.
A genetic epistemologist as he
applies his knowledge of biology,
philosophy, logic and psychology to
the study of children and ultimately
transformed the people think about
childrens thinking . He is a
prominent advocate of the organism
world view.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
a. Sensorimotor-Practical
Intelligence. Communication by
use of senses and reflexes
because child cannot use words
and symbols yet.
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
b. Preoperational thought- 2-7
years old
o Preconceptual
1. Ages 2-4
2. Their thinking is basically
concrete, literal and static . They
are egocentric
3. Their concept of time is only
now and their concept of distance
is as far as the eye can see.
4. They have the concept of
animism
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
b. Preoperational thought- 2-7
years old
o Preconceptual
5. They are not aware of the concept of
reversibility or cause and effect
Intuitive
1. Ages 5-7
2. Beginning of causation
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
C. Concrete Operational Thought-
7-12 years old
o Can find solution to everyday
problems with systematic
reasoning
o Aware of the concept of
reversibility
o Aware of the concept of
conservation
o Activity: Collecting and
classifying
 Theories of Growth
& Development
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
d. Formal Operational Thought-12
years old and above
o The period when cognition achieves its
final form
o Can solve hypothetical problems with
scientific reasoning
o Can deal with past, present and future.
o They are capable of abstract and formal
thought
o How to develop: Talk time that will
sort out opinions on currents events.
 Developmental
Milestones
Developmental Milestones- are major
markers of growth and development
that serves as the basis of assessing
developmental delay or
advancement
 Developmental
Milestones
A. Period of Infancy
1. Play: Solitary play
2. Alert: In choosing toy the
priority is safety and it must
be age- appropriate
3. Goal of Play- Sensory
Development
4. Fear: Stranger anxiety-
begins by 6-7 months, peaks
by 8 months and diminishes at
9 months.
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
Neonate
a) Largely reflex
b) Complete head lag
c) Cry without tears
d) Hands fisted
e) Visual fixation on human
face
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
1 Month
a) Dance reflex disappear
b) Looks at mobile
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
2 Months
a) Holds head up when in
prone position
b) Social smile
c) Baby coos
d) Closure of the posterior
fontanel (2-3 months)
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
3 Months
a) Holds head and chest up
when in prone position
b) Hand regard
c) Grasp and tonic neck
reflexes disappear
d) Follows object past midline
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
4 Months
a) Turn from front to back
b) Needs space to turn
c) Head control complete
d) Laughs aloud
e) Babbling sound
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
5 Months
a) Turn both ways
b) Teething rings
c) Moro reflex disappear ( 4-5
months)
d) Handles rattles well
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
6 Months
a) Reaches out in anticipation
of being picked up
b) Eruption of the first
temporary teeth ( 2 lower
incisor)
c) Sits with support
d) Says with vowel ah, eh
e) Handles bottle well
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
7 Months
a) Beginning of fear of
strangers (6-7 months)
b) Transfers object from hand
to hand
c) Likes objects that are good
in size for transferring
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
8 Months
a) Sits with support
b) Peak of stranger anxiety
c) Plantar grasps reflex
disappears (8-9 months)
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
9 Months
a) Creeps and crawl
b) Combines 2 syllables
mama or dada
c) Needs space for creeping
d) Neat pincer grasp reflex
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
10 Months
a) Pull self to stand
b) Peek-a boo
c) Understand the word no
d) Responds to own name
e) Pats a cake since they can
clap
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
11 Months
a) Stands with support
b) Cruising
c) One word + mama & dada
 Developmental
Milestones
5. Milestone
12 Months
a) Stands alone
b) Takes the first step
c) Drinks from a cup
d) Cooperative in dressing
e) Pots and pan
f) Push-and pull toys and
nursery rhymes
g) Walks with assistance
h) Says two words + mama &
dada.
 Developmental
Milestones
B. Toddler

1. Play- Parallel play- two toddlers

playing separately
2. Significance: Provide2 similar toys
such as waddling ducks to pull,
truck to push, squeaky frog to
squeeze, building blocks and
pounding peg.
 Developmental
Milestones
B. Toddler

3. Goal of Play: Motor development

4. Fear: Separation Anxiety- begins by 9
months and peaks by 18 months
 Developmental
Milestones
3 Phases of Separation Anxiety:
A Protest- Characterized by anger. May
scream and call the mother to come
back
B. Despair- characterized by being
withdrawn and does not want to
talk.
C. Denial- exhibited by ignoring the
parents
 Developmental
Milestones
How to prevent Separation Anxiety

Do not prolong the goodbyes and

say goodbye firmly
 Developmental
Milestones
15 Months

a. Plateau Stage
b. Walks alone- lateness in walking is
a sign of mild mental retardation.
c. Puts pellets in bottles
d. Scribbles the pencil voluntarily
e. Seat self on chair
f. Creeps upstairs
g. 4-6 words
 Developmental
Milestones
18 Months
a. Bowel control achieved
b. Height of possessiveness.
c. No longer rotates the spoon
d. Can run and jump in place
e. Walks up and down the stairs
holding on to a persons 'hand or
railing
f. 7-20 words
g. Can name body part
h. Typically places both feet on the
same step before advancing
 Developmental
Milestones
24 Months
a. Terrible twos
b. Can open door by turning door
knobs
c. 50- 200 words (2 words sentences)
d. Day time bladder control achieved
 Developmental
Milestones
30 Months

a. Makes simple lines and strokes or

cross with a pencil
b. Can jump down from a chair
c. Knows full name
d. Copies a circle
e. Holds up fingers to show age
f. Temporary teeth complete-20
deciduous teeth ( last to erupt
posterior molar)
 Developmental
Milestones
36 Months
a. Trusting three
b. Can do tooth brushing with little
supervision
c. Unbuttons buttons
d. Draws a cross
e. Learns how to share
f. Knows full name and sex
g. Speaks fluently
h. Night time bladder control achieved
i. 300 t0 900 words
j. Rides a bicycle
 Developmental
Milestones
Character traits
Rigid ritualistic and stereotypic
Negativistic, their favorite word is
No as their way to search for
independence
Nursing Significance:
Limit questions, offer options
Temper tantrums- ignore the
behavior
They have physiologic anorexia
 Developmental
Milestones
C. Pre-school

1. Play: Cooperative and Associative

Play such as role playing
 Developmental
Milestones
C. Pre-school

2. Fear: Fear of castration and body

mutilation, fear of dark places and
witches, fear of lightning and
thunder, fear of ghosts.
 Developmental
Milestones
C. Pre-school
3. Milestones
4 years old
a. Furious fours- as they are
noisy, aggressive And stormy
b. Button buttons
c. Copies square
d. Jumps or skips
e. Laces shoes
f. Vocabulary of 1500 words
g. Knows the four basic colors
 Developmental
Milestones
C. Pre-school
3. Milestones
5 years old
a. Frustrating fives
b. Copies a triangle
c. Copies square
d. Draws a six part man
e. Imaginary playmates
f. Vocabulary of 2100 words
 Developmental
Milestones
C. Pre-school
3. Milestones
6 years old
a. Years of constant motion
b. Clumsy movement
c. Recognizes all shapes
d. First grade teacher becomes authority
figure
e. Beginning interest in God
f. Temporary teeth begins to fall while
permanent teeth begins to appear. First
permanent teeth is the first molar last
to appear is wisdom tooth or third
molar
 Developmental
Milestones
4. Character Traits
Curious, creative imaginative and
imitative
Presence of Complexes:
Oedipal Complex- identification
of pre-school boy o his father
and attachment to his mother
Electra Complex- is the
identification of the pre-school
girl to her mother and attached
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
1. Play: Competitive Play
2. Fear: School Phobia
Can be prevented by orienting
the child to the new
environment
3. Significant Person: Teacher, peer
of the same age
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
4. Significant Development:
Prone to bone fracture- green
stick fracture because bones are
still porous
They have normal vision
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
7 years old
Age of assimilation
Copies a diamond
Enjoys playing and teasing
Quieting down period
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
8 years old
Expansive years
Smoother movements
Normal homosexuality
Loves to collect objects
Can count backwards
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
9 years old
Coordination improves
Tells time correctly
Hero worship
Stealing and lying are common
Take care of body needs
completely
Teacher finds this age group
difficult to handle.
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
10 years old
Age of special talents
Writes legibly
Ready for competitive games
More considerate and
cooperative
Joins Organization
Well mannered with adults
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
11-12 years old
Pre-adolescent period
Full of energy and constantly
active
Secret language is common
Sharing secret with friends
Sense of humor is present
Sociable and considerate
 Developmental
Milestones
D. School Age
Milestones
Character Traits
Industrious
They love to collect objects
They cant afford to lose; they
cheat
They are modest.
 Developmental
Milestones
D. Adolescent Period
Milestones
1. Fear: Fear of obesity, death, acne,
homosexuality and replacement
from friends
2. Significant Person: Peers from
opposite sex
 Developmental
Milestones
D. Adolescent Period
Milestones
3. Significant Development
Experience conflict between his
need for sexual satisfaction and
societal expectation
Their core concern is the
change in body image and
acceptance of the opposite sex.
 Developmental
Milestones
D. Adolescent Period
Milestones
3. Significant Development
There is distinctive odor- due to
stimulation of the apocrine
glands
Nocturnal emissions or wet
dreams is hallmark of
adolescence
Sperm is viable by age 17
 Developmental
Milestones
D. Adolescent Period
Milestones
3. Significant Development
Scrotum and testis increase in
size up to 17 years old
Breast and female genitalia
increases in size up to 18 years
old
 Developmental
Milestones
Sexual Maturation

GIRLS BOYS

Increase in the size of Increase in the size of

the breast and genitalia testis and penis.
Widening of the hips Deepening of the voice
Appearance of pubic hair Development of the
and axillary hair muscles
Menarche-onset of Appearance of pubic hair
menstruation and axillary hair

Production of visible
sperm
 Developmental
Milestones
Personality Traits
Idealistic, rebellious and
reformers
Very conscious of body image
Adventurous
 Developmental
Milestones
Common Problems
Alcoholism
Smoking
Drug Addiction
Pre-marital sex resulting to
pregnant adolescents.
 Developmental
Milestones
Young Adulthood
Selecting a mate
Learning to live with marriage
partners
Starting a family and rearing
children
Managing a home
Getting started in an occupation
Taking civic responsibility
Finding a congenial social
group
 Developmental
Milestones
Middle Adulthood
Accepting and adjusting to physical
changes
Attaining and maintaining a
satisfactory occupational performance
Assisting children to become
responsible adults
Relating to ones spouse as a person
Adjusting to aging parents
Achieving adults social and civic
responsibility
 Developmental
Milestones
Late Adulthood
Adjusting to decreasing physical
strength and health
Adjusting to retirement and reduced
income
Adjusting to death of a spouse
Establishing an explicit affiliation
with ones age group
Adjusting and adapting social roles in
flexible ways
Establishing satisfactory physical
living arrangements.