Growth-and-Development-MCN1 - 240626 - 102006 (1) - 105924

Essential for Growth
and Development
Michelle L. Mercado RN,MANc
Growth
Growing - complex phenomenon of a structure or whole
GROWTH
• Increase in physical size of a structure or whole
• Quantitative
• 2 parameters
 Weight - Most sensitive measurement for growth
Weight gain:
2x = 5 – 6 mos.
3x = 1 year
4x = 2 – 2½ years
Growth
Height 
ESTROGEN - responsible for increase in height in
female 
TESTOSTERONE - responsible for the increase in
height in male 
Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of the
wisdom teeth
↑ - 1”/ mo – 1 – 6 mos
↑ - 1.5”/ mo – 7 – 12 mos
↑ - 50 % - 1 st Year
Development
Increase in the skills or capacity to function
• Qualitatively
• How to measure development

By simply observing the child doing simple task
By noting parent’s description of the child’s progress
Measure by DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL
SCREENING TEST (DDST)
MMDST
o Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test
Philippine Based exam •
Main Rated Categories
o LANGUAGE - ability to communicate
o PERSONAL/ SOCIAL - ability to interact
o FINE MOTOR ADAPTIVE - ability to use hand
movements
o GROSS MOTOR SKILLS - ability to use large body
movement
MATURATION
• Synonymous with development
• Readiness/ learning is effortless
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Ability to learn and understand from experiences, to acquire and
retain knowledge, to
respond to a new situation and to solve problems
LEARNING - change of behavior
IQ= [Mental Age/ Chronological Age] x 100
Normal IQ = 90 - 110
GIFTED CHILD - > 130 IQ level
BASIC DIVISIONS OF LIFE
• Prenatal
o Conception to birth
• Infancy
o Neonatal: first 28 days
o Formal Infancy: 29th – 1 year
• Early Childhood
o Toddler: 1 – 3 y/o
o Preschool: 4 – 6 y/o
• Middle Childhood
o School Age: 7 – 12 y/o
• Late Childhood
o Pre – adolescent: 11 – 13 y/o
o Adolescent: 12 – 13 y/o to 21
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Growth and development is a continuous process

(WOMB TO TOMB PRINCIPLE) - begins from
conception and ends with death
• Not all parts of the body grows at the same time
or at the same rate (ASSYCHRONOUS GROWTH)
• Each child is unique
• Growth and development occurs in a regular
direction reflecting definite and predictable
patterns or trend
Directional Terms
o Cephalocaudal/ Head to Tail - It occurs along bodies long axis in
which control over head, mouth and eye movements and precedes
control over upper body torso and legs.
o Proximo – Distal/ Centro – Distal- Progressing from center of
the body to the extremities
o Symmetrical/ Each side of the Body - Develop at the same
direction at the same time and at the same rate.
o Mass – Specific - Differentiation – SIMPLE TO COMPLEX;
BROAD TO REFINED
Sequential Trend
- Involves a predictable sequence of growth and
development to which the child normally passes
Locomotion  Creeps → Stands→ Walks→ Run
→
Language and Social Skills  Cry coo
Secular Trend
- Refers to the worldwide tend of maturing earlier and growing
larger as compared to succeeding generation
a. BEHAVIOR → most comprehensive indicator of
developmental stages act @ your age
b. PLAY → universal language
c. A great deal of skills is learned by practice
d. There is optimum time for initiation of experience or learning
e. Neonatal reflexes must be lost first before development can
proceed
f. persistent primitive infantile reflexes is a possible case of
cerebral palsy
PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Renal → digestive → circulatory → musculoskeletal o childhood
 Brain → CNS → Neurologic Tissue rapidly grows within 1 – 2 years
 Brain achieves its adult proportion @ 5 years
 Rapid growth and development of brain from1 – 2 years
 Malnutrition may result to Mild Mental Retardation
 Lymphatic System (Lymph Nodes)
 Grows rapidly during infancy and childhood
 Provide protection against infection
 TONSIL reach its adult proportion @ 5 years
 Reproductive o Grows rapidly during puberty
RATES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Fetal and Infancy
o Period of most rapid growth and development
o Prone to develop anemia
 Toddler
o Period of slow growth and development
 Preschool
o Period of alternating rapid and slow growth and development
 School Aged
o Slower growth and development
o Least to develop anemia
 Adolescent
o Period of rapid growth
o Secondary prone to anemia
Two Primary Factors Affecting Growth and Development
o Heredity
a. Race
b. Sex
c. Intelligence o Nationality
o Environment
a. Quality of Nutrition
b. Socio Economic Status
c. Health
d. Ordinal Position in the family
e. Parent – Child Relationship
THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Developmental Task
 A skill or growth responsibility arising at a

particular time in the individual’s life.
The successful achievement of which will
provide a foundation for the
accomplishments of the future tasks
SIGMUND FREUD’S
PSYCHOSEXUAL
THEORY
o 1856 – 1939
o An Austrian Neurologist
o Founder of Psychoanalysis
o 1 st to introduce Personality
Development
ERIK ERICKSON’S STAGES OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Former student of Freud
Stresses the importance of culture
and society to the development of
one’s personality
“environment”
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
• 0 – 18 months
• TRUST is the foundation of all psychosocial tasks
• Theme: Give and Receive
• Trust is developed via
o Satisfying needs of infants on time
o Care must be consistent and adequate
o Give experiences that will add security: hugs, kisses, touch, eye
to eye contact, soft
music
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
• 18 mos. to 3 years
• Theme: independence and self – government
• Give opportunity for decision making, offer choices
• Encourage the child to make decision rather than judge
• Parents has a moral obligation
to set limits
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
• 4 – 6 years’ old
• Learns how to do BASIC things
• Give opportunity exploring new places and events
• Right time for amusement park and zoos
• Activity recommended: modeling clay and finger painting
• Enhances creativity and imagination and facilitates fine motor
development
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
• Learns how to do things well
• Give appropriate short assignments and projects
• Unfinished project will develop inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
• 12 – 18 or 20 years’ old
• Learns who he is or what kind of person he will become by
adjusting to new body image and seeking
EMANCIPATION/ freedom from parents
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
• 18 – 25 or 30 years’ old
• Career focus
• Looking for a lifetime partner
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• 45 years’ old and above

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Essential for Growth

• How to measure development

• Growth and development is a continuous process

 A skill or growth responsibility arising at a

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