2G Planning and Dimensioning V3.0

2G PLANNING AND DIMENSIONING
Course Outlines
GSM System Reminder.

RF Site and Hardware Equipments.
GSM Radio Network Planning.
Site Survey and Validation.
Coverage Planning.
Capacity Dimensioning.
Frequency Planning.
Planning with Atoll
GSM System Reminder
GSM Keys
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication

Second Generation for Mobile System.
Digital System.
Efficient Use of the Spectrum.
Speech privacy and security.
Better resistance to interference (Introducing the frequency Hopping)
Efficient use of the power battery (Introducing the power control)
GSM Networks are called PLMN: Public Land Mobile Networks i.e. the
Radio Sites are located on land, not using satellites.
Working Frequency
Frequency Band-Down Link Frequency Band-Up Link

GSM 800 869 894 MHz 824 849 MHz
E-GSM (Extended GSM) 925 935 MHz 880 890 MHz
P-GSM 900 935 960 MHz 890 915 MHz
GSM 1800 (DCS) 1805 1880 MHz 1710 1785 MHz
GSM 1900 (PCS) 1930 1990 MHz 1850 1910 MHz
But what do we mean by frequency Band?

What is the DL and UL?
Why DL is higher than UL band?
GSM Frequency
Frequency Band
The range of frequencies which the operator is
allowed to use for transmission and reception.
Downlink and Uplink bands
DL band is the range of frequencies used by the Base
station when transmitting to the MS while the UL
band is the range of frequencies used by the Mobile
station when transmitting to the Base Station.
Why DL band is higher than the UL band?
As frequency >>> then attenuation with air >>>
Since Power BaseStation > Power MobileStation then it is wise
to configure the higher frequencies that will be
attenuated fast to the side that is using higher power.
Access Techniques
Access techniques: Techniques through which many MSs can access the shared media
which is the air interface.
FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Each MS is assigned a dedicated frequency through which he can talk.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
All MSs are using the same frequency but each of them will be utilizing it only over a
certain period of time called Time Slot (TS)
In GSM System were using TDMA over FDMA where the frequency band is divided into
no. of frequencies each of which is shared among no. of MSs, where each MS will be
assigned a certain TS on certain frequency.
GSM 900
UL Band 890MHz 915MHz, DL Band 935MHz 960MHz

Each Band is 25 MHz
Guard Band between DL and UL is 20 MHz
Duplex Distance = 45 MHz Downlink 935 960 MHz
Carrier separation = 200 KHz

Uplink 890 915 MHz
No. of frequencies = 124
200 KHz
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
890 890.4 915 F (MHz)
935.2 935.6 Downlink

1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
935 935.4 960 F (MHz)
GSM 900 FrequencyAllocation
All GSM Summary
GSM(DCS) GSM(PCS)
System P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900
1800 1900
Uplink (MS BS) 890 915 MHz 880 915 MHz 1710 1785 MHz 1850 1910 MHz
Downlink(BS MS) 935 960 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength 33 cm 33 cm 17 cm 16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
No. of carriers 124 174 374 299
Channel rate 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps 270.8 kbps
Network Architechture
Core Network/Network Switching System (NSS)
MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

Routing/Switching of calls between 2 end users within the GSM Network.
Charging & Billing.
Service Provision.
Access to PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) & Other Networks
HLR (Home Location Register)
Centralized Network data base stores and manages all mobile subscriptions. (e.g. IMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Services
subscribed/restricted for that user)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
Co-located with the MSC, it stores a copy of the users profile on temporary basis.
AUC (Authentication Center)
Provides the HLR with the authentication parameters and ciphering Keys used by the MSC/VLR to authenticate center user.
(Triplets: RAND, SRES, Kc)
EIR (Equipment Identification Register)
Used to authenticate the user equipment through the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identification)
Base Station System (BSS)
BSC (Base Station Controller)

It controls the air interface, it takes the decisions based on the reports came from
the MS and BTS.
Channel Allocation.
Controls the Handover Process.
Dynamic Power Control.
Frequency Hopping.
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

It is the Hardware equipment needed to provide the radio coverage.
Speech Coding/Channel Coding/Interleaving/Ciphering/Burst formatting/Modulation
all these are done within the BTS (RBS=Radio Base Station)
Equipment: Cabinet, jumpers, feeders, combiners, antennas.
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment
Transmit the radio waves.
Speech coding and decoding.
Call control.
Performance measurement of radio link.
SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module)

Stores user addresses (IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI).
Stores authentication key Ki, authentication algorithm A3 and ciphering algorithm
A8&A5
Stores the subscribed services.
Over the Air Interface
Frequency Band is divided into no. of frequencies.

Each frequency is divided into 8 Time slots (TS)
Each user will be assigned 1 TS.
One time slot =156.25 bits
1 Bit duration=3.69 sec
Time slot duration =156.25x3.69 sec= 0.577 msec
1 Frame = 8 TSs
Frame duration=0.577x8= 4.615 msec
Bit rate on the air interface is 270 Kbps, but for each user it is 33.8 Kbps
Radio Channel
Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels

Physical channel: Time slot is called the physical channel.
Logical channel: It is the content that will be sent over the physical channel.
Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Traffic Channels Control Channels
Half Rate Full Rate

Broadcast Common Dedicated
Frequency Correction Control Channel Paging Channel Fast Associated Control Channel
Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcast Control Channel Random AccessChannel Slow Associated Control Channel
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

Logical Channel: Traffic Channels
Full Rate Channels (FR)

Carries users speech traffic or user data DL and UL.
Each user is assigned 1 TS.
Transmission rate is 13 Kbit/s.
Half Rate Channels (HR)

Carries users speech traffic or user data DL and UL.
2 users will share 1 TS (physical channel), each of them will be utilizing it each frame.
Transmission rate is 6.5 Kbit/s
Logical Channels
Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Broadcast

Broadcast Control Channel Random Access Channel Slow Associated Control Channel
Logical Channel: Control Channels
These are used to carry signaling or synchronization data, theyre divided into three types:
Broad Cast Channels (BCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Logical Channels

Broadcast

Control Channel: Broadcast Control Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

Pure signal is transmitted to help the MS to lock on the frequency of the BTS
and synchronize to its frequency. (DL channel)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Carries the TDMA frame number.
BSIC (Base Station Identification Code) of the cell. (DL Channel)
BCCH (Broad Cast Control Channel)
LAI (Location Area Identity)
Cell parameters (used power, Idle mode parameters,..etc)
List of BCCH carries of the neighbor Logical Channels
cells. (DL Channel)


Broadcast
Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel
Synchronization Channel
Control Channel: Common Control Channels
Paging Channel (PCH)

Used to inform the MS of an incoming call or sms, where the MSs IMSI/TMSI
will be sent over it. (DL channel)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Used by the MS to ask for an SDCCH to respond to the request send on the
paging channel /initiate a call/location update/IMSI attach-detach. (UL
Channel)
AGCH (Access Grant Channel)
Used by the network to assign an SDCCH sub-channel for the MS. (DL
channel)
Logical Channels

Broadcast
Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel
Synchronization Channel
Control Channel: Dedicated Control Channels
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Used for signaling purposes: call setup, location update, IMSI attach-detach.
Used to send/receive SMSs in idle mode. (DL/UL channel).
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Always allocated in conjunction with traffic channel/SDCCH channel to
transmit measurement reports.
DL measurement reports will include commands from the network to the MS
to adjust its power level and info about the Time Advance.
UL measurement reports will include information about the MS own power,
received SS & Quality from serving cell and SS from neighbor cells.
Logical Channels
Used to send SMSs in active mode
(DL/UL channel). Traffic Channels Control Channels

Broadcast

Control Channel: Dedicated Control Channels
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Used to send necessary Handover information . (DL/UL channel)
Cell Broad Cast Channel (CBCH)

It is sent point to multi point i.e. from the cell to the mobiles attached to it, this
channel may carry information about the traffic, weather reports,etc. (DL
channel)
Logical Channels

Broadcast

Mapping of Logical Channels on the Physical channels
Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (DL)
51 consecutive control frames = 1 Control multi frame

Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (UL)
TS0 in UL is reserved for the RACH, for the MS to access the system.
Mapping on TS1/BCCH carrier (DL)

Mapping on TS1/BCCH carrier (UL)
Mapping on TS2/BCCH carrier (DL/UL) if it will be used by certain MS in active mode
26 consecutive Traffic frames = 1 Traffic multi frame

TDMA Multi Frames Structure
Traffic Multi Frames

Traffic Multi Frame = 26 consecutive traffic frames (4.61msec x 26 =120msec)
Control Multi Frames
Control Multi Frame = 51 consecutive Control frames (4.61msec x 51 =235msec)
Super Frame
51 consecutive Traffic Multi Frames or 26 consecutive Control Multi Frames
Super Frame = 6.12 seconds
Hyper Frame
2048 consecutive super Frames
Hyper Frame = 3 hours and 29 minutes nearly.
RF Sites and Hardware Equipments
RF Sites and Hardware Equipments
We have many types for RF sites having different structures and design.
The choice of the RF site used will be during the validation phase, where the planner will
be responsible to choose the proper site type and structure based on his target for
coverage.
Site Types
Site Types
Micro Site Macro Site
Indoor Street Level
Roof Top COW Green Field
Stup tower Poles Tower Monopole

Site Types: Macro Sites
Macro Sites are those which utilize cabinets that generates high power (~47dBm = 50W)
and used to provide outdoor and indoor coverage over relatively medium and large
distances in cities and on roads.
Site Types
Indoor Street Level Roof Top COW Green Field

Roof Top Sites: The antennas are placed on the roof of the buildings, used in urban and
dense urban clutters ex: Inside the cities.
Stub Tower Poles
Site Types

COW Sites: COW stands for a Cell On Wheel, these are temporary sites used in events
to maximize the capacity ex: exhibitions/Stadiums.
Site Types
Stuptower Poles Tower Monopole

Green Field Sites: These sites are standalone sites used mainly on roads and high ways to
provide coverage for long distances.
Green Field Tower Monopole Palm Trees

Site Types

Site Types: Micro Sites
Micro Sites are those which utilize cabinets that generate low power (~ 34 dBm = 2W)
used in outdoor streets for capacity issues in the hot spot areas (ex: Abdel Aziz St.) and
used in Indoor buildings for both coverage and capacity issues (Malls, Hotels)
Site Types
Street Level-Micro Outdoor Micro Indoor

Hardware Equipment
The Hardware Equipments of the RF sites are those used to provide the radio coverage
over the air interface and can be seen as below:
BTS Cabinet ( Including DTRUs, Duplexers and Combiners)

Feeders, Jumpers and Connectors
Diplexers (In some cases)
TMA
BTS Antenna
Repeaters
Hardware Equipment: BTS Type
Outdoor Type: This type of cabinets is used with Macro sites, it has built-in air conditions,
it doesnt need shelters and able to resist the different environmental conditions.
Typical Macro Outdoor Cabinet

Frequency Band P-GSM 900, E-GSM 900, GSM 1800
Tx 935-960MHz, 925-960MHz, 1805-1880MHz
Rx 890-915MHz, 880-915MHz, 1710-1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 12 H
Dimension (WxDxH) 650x888x1380 mm
Weight 270 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 42.5/46 dBm
Combined, Uncombined) 1800MHz: 42.0/45.5 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity 110.5 dBm D
Cabinet W
Hardware Equipment: BTS Type
Cabinet
Indoor BTS: This type of cabinets is used with Macro sites,
external air conditions should be used, it needs a shelter to
prevent the equipment from the different environmental
conditions (rain, heat,)
Typical Macro Indoor Cabinet

Tx 935-960MHz, 925-960MHz, 1805-1880MHz
Rx 890-915MHz, 880-915MHz, 1710-1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 12 Shelter
Weight 150 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 42.5/46 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity 110 .5dBm
Hardware Equipment: BTS Cabinet
Micro BTS: This type of cabinets is used with Micro sites.
Typical Micro Cabinet

Tx 935-960MHz, 925-960MHz, 1805-1880MHz
Rx 890-915MHz, 880-915MHz, 1710-1785MHz
Number of Transceivers 4
Weight 41 Kg
Output Power 900MHz: 34/32 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity 109 dBm
Hardware Equipment: Duplexer
Duplexers are devices make us able to transmit and receive on the same cable.
External Duplexers have typical losses = 0.5 dB
DTRUs have internal Duplexers that have nearly zero losses.
Hardware Equipment: DTRU (Dual Transceiver Unit)
DTRU (Dual Transceiver Unit): the hardware unit on which the frequencies are
configured.
TX1 TX1/RX1
Duplexer TX1/RX1
RX1
RXD1
Hybrid
Combined Un Combined
Combiner
Mode Mode
RXD2
TX2
Duplexer TX2/RX2
RX2
TX2/RX2
If the internal combiner is used then this will result in 3dB losses in the output signal.
Hardware Equipment: Combiner
The internal combiner in the DTRU is used to combine two signals from the same band to
be transmitted on the same cable.
The combiner is a broadband one that doesnt need tuning.
The combining stage will result in 3 dB loss in the output signal.
If we need to make expansion ( connect 2 DTRUs = 4 frequencies to be connected to the
same antenna) then the combiner should be used.
TX1 Duplexer
RX1 TX1/RX1
RXD1 Hybrid
RXD2
Combiner DTRU1
TX2 Duplexer
RX2 TX2/RX2
TX3 Duplexer
RX3 TX1/RX1
RXD1 Hybrid
RXD2
Combiner DTRU2
TX4 Duplexer
RX4 TX2/RX2
Hardware Equipment: Feeders, Jumpers and Connector
Feeders, jumpers and connectors are responsible to carry the electrical signal from the
BTS to the antenna.
Feeder
jumper jumper
BTS
Jumpers are flexible and used as a connection between Feeder-BTS and Feeder-Antenna.
Typically, Jumper losses=0.5dB while connector losses=0.1dB
Feeder losses will differ based on the feeders diameter as below.
Feeder Type 800/900 (dB/100m) 1800/1900 (dB/100m)
LCF 1/2" 7.0/7.2 10.5
LCF 7/8" 4 6.5
LCF 1-1/4" 3.3 5.3
LCF 1-5/8" 2.6 4.2
Hardware Equipment: Diplexer
Diplexers are used to combine two signals from different bands.

Typically, Diplexer losses=0.3dB
Typically with 4 port antennas, the output from the 1800-DTRU is mixed with the output
from the 3G cabinet via the diplexers.
2G Cabinet
DTRU-900
DTRU-1800
Diplexer
3G Cabinet
Hardware Equipment: TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)
The TMA is installed direct after the BTS antenna.

It is used to enhance the uplink signal received by the antenna before being deteriorated
through the feeders.
The use of TMAs is important due to the fact that the output signal from the MSs are
transmitting in the uplink with low power.
With TMAs the received signal will be amplified so even when it is attenuated through
the cables it will reach the BTS with acceptable level.
In the downlink, the TMA will add 0.3 dB losses, while in the uplink it will add gain nearly
= 24 dB.
Hardware Equipment: Antenna
It is the device used to convert the electrical signal from the cables to an electromagnetic
radiations propagating on the air interface.
Isotropic Antenna: Is a theoretical/reference model for an antenna propagating equally in
all directions.
Omni Antennas: Propagates equally in one plan.
Directive Antennas: Propagates in certain direction.
Isotropic Antenna Omni Antenna Directive Antenna

Antenna Gain
Since Antennas are passive elements, then the only way to have gain in any direction is
to increase the directivity by concentrating the radiations in the desired direction.
Now the Antenna gain can be defined as the ratio between the power of the max
direction of the antenna to the power obtained by an isotropic antenna in the same
direction.
Gain for Typical directive antennas = 18 dBi and for Omni antennas = 11 dBi
Antenna Beamwidth
Defined as the angel between the max direction to the direction where the power is
reduced to the half in the max direction.
Direction of the
max power
Horizontal Beam 3dB

width =65
Antenna Beamwidth
The standard antenna has a horizontal beam width of 65deg, this means that the gain at
32.5deg is 3 dB less than the maximum gain ( i.e. half the power)
Typically the vertical beam width is 7 degrees.
Antenna Tilting
Lowering the beam below the horizon is known as Down tilt, and when above the
horizon called as Up tilt
Two types Antenna tilting based on its implementation:
Mechanical tilting: the physical body of the antenna is tilted, which cause tilting in
the main beam.
Electrical titling: we change the phase of the current fed the internal dipoles which
will result in tilting the main beam.
Antenna Tilting
With mechanical down tilting the main beam will be down tilted which is useful but this
will result in up tilting the back lobe which may interfere on another cells.
With antennas support mechanical tilting only, we wont be able to have different tilting
for different bands if needed.
Antenna Diversity
Defined as the redundancy in receiving or transmitting the signal to overcome the

attenuation and fading that may encounter the signal while propagating in air.
Typically the antenna diversity results in a 3.5 dB gain.
We have two types of diversity: Space Diversity and Polarization Diversity.
With Space diversity well use 2 antennas that should have separation = 12-18 (=0.33m
for GSM900 and =0.17m for GSM1800) in order to obtain the desired gain.
1 2 SS 1 2
Space
Diversity
Time
Antenna Diversity
With Polarization diversity, the

antenna will be manufactured with
internal arrays have dual polarizations,
either Horizontal & Vertical or +45/-45
Dual Polarized
Antenna
Antenna Diversity
The polarization is the direction of

oscillation of the electric field with
respect to ground.
Vertically polarized antennas: Transmit
electromagnetic waves where the
electric field component oscillate in
direction perpendicular to the ground.
Horizontal polarized antennas:
Transmit electromagnetic waves
where the electric field component
oscillate in direction parallel to the
ground.
Hardware Equipment: Repeaters
A repeater can cover areas that

otherwise would have been blocked
by obstacles.
Fields of application are roads in hilly
terrain, tunnels or other obstructed
low capacity areas.
The signal is typically amplified by 50- Road
80 dB.
Hardware Equipment: Repeaters
Repeaters can also been used for

indoor applications, like offices and
undergrounds.
GSM Radio Network Planning
Work Scope
Responsibilities of RF Planner Responsibilities of RF Optimizer

Nominal Plan Design Maintain the Networks KPIs
Sites Survey Study and Apply new features
Validation from field
Try to think of innovative solutions to
Set RF design (Structure, Azimuth, Height, Tilt, maximize the Network Quality & capacity
Cables type)
Frequency Plan
Sites Acceptance
They have to maintain the performance of

They have to provide the coverage either
outdoor or indoor the Network as good as possible.
Cell Planning Process
All the activities involved in determining the number of sites that shall be used,
type of equipments and their configuration in order to ensure continuous
coverage and good quality.
Cell Planning Process: Traffic and Coverage Analysis
Traffic and coverage analysis should produce information about the geographical
area and the expected capacity needed.
The types of data collected are:
Cost
Coverage
Traffic demand and its distribution
GoS
Available Frequencies
The traffic distribution can be estimated based on: Population distribution, Car
usage distribution, Income level distribution, Telephone usage
Nominal Cell Plan

After compilation of the data received from the traffic and coverage analysis,
a coverage and capacity dimensioning will be done to produce the nominal
cell plan.
The Nominal Cell Plan is a graphical representation of the network which

simply looks like a cell pattern on a map.
Sites Surveys
The sites where the radio equipment will be placed are visited, it is necessary
to assess the real environment to determine whether it is a suitable location
or not.
System Design
After the surveys from field are performed the design for each site is done
including: Site Structure, Height, Azimuth, Tilts, Types of Cabinets, Antennas
and Feeders.
Implementation
This includes sites installation, commissioning testing the hardware and drive
testing to ensure that the sites are behaving well.
Cell Planning Process: System Tuning
After the system has been installed it is continuously monitored and evaluated to
determine how well it meets the demand. This is called System Tuning and it
involves:
Checking that the final plan has been successfully implemented.
Evaluating the customer complaints.
Checking the network performance and parameters settings.
The system needs constant retuning due to the fact that the traffic and the
number of subscribers continuously increase.
The network may reach the point where it must be expanded so that it can
manage the increasing load and new traffic and now the coverage and traffic
analysis is performed and the cell planning cycle is repeated.
Site Survey and Validation
Sites Surveys and Validation
The cell planning process results in a cell plan with nominal site positions.
If the operator has access to existing locations (ex: deal with TE, Police,.., etc.) then it is
necessary to adapt the cell plan according to these locations.
The proposed network design shows only approximate site locations but the exact site
position depends on the possibilities of constructing a site on the suggested location.
Non technical issues may contribute in preferring one location than the other provided
that both of them verify the radio requirements:
Obtaining the permits from the different authorities like civil aviation and military
authorities.
Lease contract should be agreed upon with the owner of the site.
Access roads: the site must be accessible for material transport and installation.
Space requirements for the shelter and passes for the feeders.
Space to construct the antenna supports.
AC power Source.
Technical RF requirements based on which we select the best candidate:

Distance from the nominal.
Strategic location to fulfill coverage objects.
Sites Surveys and Validation: Technical Requirements
Distance from the nominal:

The initial study of a cell system often results in a theoretical cell pattern with
nominal positions for the site locations.
The existing buildings must then be adapted in such a way that the real positions are
established and replace the nominal positions.
For each nominal point the RF planner will choose a search area such that the
nominal shouldnt be moved out of it.
Search Area, ex: 50m
Nominal Cell Location

Strategic location to fulfill coverage objects:

Clear of present and upcoming obstructions.

The proper designed height can be achieved with the used tower structure.
Typically the common structures are Poles: 6/9m poles, Stub towers:
9/12/15/18/21m Green Field Towers: 30/40/60 m
If the required antennas height as per the design is 35m and the buildings height is
25m then the proper structure is 12m stub tower.
12 m
25 m

The proper tilting as per the design and simulation can be implemented without
shadowing on the roof.
= tilt angle
D=Cell Range

Ex: If H=35m and we need theoretical Cell range=500 m what will be the proper
tilting?
Tilt angle = 90 = 90 ( tan-1 (D/H)) = 90 ( tan-1 (500/35)) = 90 86 = 4 degrees,
then the proper tilting = 4 degrees
= tilt angle
D=Cell Range

It is better to install the antennas on the edges of the roof.
When the antenna is placed at the mid of the roof then we have to calculate the
minimum height of the antenna in order to not have any shadowing on the roof
edge.
= tilt angle
Half the vertical

beam width
h V/2
H
d
D=Cell Range

If the distance to the roof d = 50m and were going to apply tilt = 4 degrees, then we
want to calculate the minimum tower height to not have shadowing on the roof.
=90 - ( +V/2) = 90 (4+3.5) = 90 - 7.5 = 82.5 degrees
Tan = ( d/h), then Tan (82.5) = (50/h) = 7.5
then h = 50/7.5 = 6.7meters (min. tower height to not have shadowing with 4 deg
down tilt) = tilt angle
Half the vertical beam

width
h V/2
H
d
D=Cell Range
Sites Surveys and Validation: Planning Tips
The First Fresnel zone: The area around the visual line-of-sight that radio waves spread
out into after they leave the antenna. This area must be clear or else signal strength will
weaken.
Double Structure sites.
Roads coverage.
Obstacles like Bill Boards.
Terrain difference.
Sites near water.
Tunnels coverage.
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
The sensitivity of the BTS and MS is defined as the minimum required received input
level in order to decode the signal correctly.
Planning a system it is not sufficient to use this sensitivity level as a planning criterion,
also need to consider various margins that must be added to compensate for the
degradation in the signal level during its propagation in air:
Rayleigh Fading Margin (Fast Fading Margin) RFmargin
Interference Margin IFmargin
Body Loss Margin BL
Outdoor Log Normal Fading Margin LNFmarg(o)
Outdoor + Indoor Log Normal Fading Margin LNFmarg(o+i)
Car Penetration Loss CPL
Mean Building Penetration Loss BPLmean
Coverage Planning: Design Level
Formula:
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) (MS Outdoor)
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o) + CPL (MS in Car)
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o+i) + BPLmean (MS Indoor)
Rayleigh Fading Margin (Fast Fading Margin):
Due to multipath reflection from the surrounding buildings some fading dips may occur.
Based on measurements a Rayleigh Fading Margin of 3dB is adequate i.e. RFmargin = 3dB
Interference Margin:
Since the frequencies are reused, then the received carrier power must be large enough in
order to compensate for the interference from surroundings.
The interference margin depends on the frequency reuse, traffic load and the desired
percentage of area coverage. Based on measurements in normal system an Interference
Margin of 2dB is adequate i.e. IFmargin = 2dB
Coverage Planning: Design Level
Body Loss:
Since the humans body absorbs some of the energy, then a body loss margin is used
to compensate for this power dissipation
The recommended Body Loss by the GSM standards is:
BL = 5dB (800/900 MHz Band) , BL = 3dB (1800/1900 MHz Band)
Car Penetration Loss:

When the MS is situated in a car without an external antenna (which is the typical
case) an extra margin should be added to cope with the penetration loss of the car
body.
The recommended Body Loss by the standard is: CPL = 6dB
Coverage Planning: Log Normal Fading (Slow Fading)
The signal strength fluctuates around a mean value while the MS is moving.
This type of fading is due to the terrain structure and the obstacles like hills and trees in
the path between the BTS and MS.
The log normal fading LNFmarg will differ based on the environment and the coverage
area.
LNFmarg will be calculated from a graph relates environment (Standard Deviation:LNF )
with the coverage percentage needed.
These values were obtained

from field measurements
N.B: (LNF marg(o+i) )2 = (LNF marg(o)) 2 +(LNF marg(i) ) 2

LNFmarg will be calculated from a LNF

graph relates environment (LNF ) with
the coverage.
Example:
For an Urban area Outdoor,
then LNF =8 dB and with
98% coverage, then we can get
from the graph LNFmarg(o) = 8 dB
Coverage Planning
Example:
Get SSdesign for a MS-Outdoor in different clutters
with different required percentage of coverage.
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o)

(MS Outdoor)
Then,
SSdesign = -104 + 3 + 2 + 5 + LNFmarg(o) = -94 dBm + LNFmarg(o)

(MS Outdoor)
Coverage Dimensioning
Example:
then we can calculate SSdesign for
MS-Outdoor in different clutters as follows:
SSdesign = -94 dBm + LNFmarg(o)

Example:
Get SSdesign for a MS-In Car in different
clutters with different required percentage
of coverage.
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + CPL+ LNFmarg(o) (MS in Car)

Then SSdesign = -104 + 3 + 2 + 5+ 6 + LNFmarg(o) = -88 dBm + LNFmarg(o) (MS in Car)
Example:
Get SSdesign for a MS-Indoor in different
clutters with different required percentage
of coverage.
SSdesign = MSsens + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i) (MS Indoor)

Then SSdesign = -104+3+2+5+BPL+LNFmarg(o+i) = -94 dBm + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)
Example:
then we can calculate SSdesign for
MS-Indoor in different clutters as follows:
Then SSdesign= -94 dBm + BPL+ LNFmarg(o+i)

Down Link Budget

Now, were going to calculate the cell radius where the PinMS will be the
SSdesign which was computed previously based on the clutter type and
coverage percentage.
Pout BTS
PinMS =SS design
Pout BTS : Output power from the Base Station Cabinet

Lf BTS : Losses in Feeders, Jumpers and connectors
Ga BTS : BTS antenna gain Gd BTS : BTS antenna diversity gain
Lp : Path Loss Pin MS : Input power at the MS Station
Down Link Budget

Example:
for Urban clutter with required outdoor coverage= 95% (GSM900-Band) then
Pin MS = SSdesign= -89.1 dBm and given that: Pout BTS = 46 dBm, Lf BTS = 2.6 dB
Ga BTS =18 dBi Gd BTS = 3.5 dB , then we can calculate the path loss as follows:
Lp = (Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Gd BTS ) - Pin MS
Lp = 46-2.6+18+3.5-(-89.1)= 154 dB
Then the maximum allowed path loss is Lp is 154 dB and through which we are going to
calculate the cell range d
N.B:
d
d= Cell Range
Inter Site-distance =1.5d d
Area 0.65d2
Path Loss Lp
I. Free Space Model:
Theoretical Model not commonly used, it assumed Line Of Sight (LOS) direct
ray between the Transmitter and Receiver.
The Path Loss will be calculated as follows:
Lp = 32.44 + 20 log f (MHz) + 20 log d (Km), where f: frequency and d:cell
range
II.Two Path Model:

Assumes two paths: direct path and a ground reflected path.
It suits the road sites.
Lp = 20 log HBS + 20 log HMS +40 log d (Km) where d:cell range
Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model:
As stated before, the signal travelling in air will follow different paths due to
reflections from the surroundings where each individual path affects the
signal causing attenuation, delay and phase shift.
The received signals is therefore a result of direct rays, reflected rays and
shadowing or any combination of these signals.
Experimental measurements in different places led to the conclusion that

there is a necessity to make different models for different urban environments
having different civil structures: dense urban, urban, suburban and rural.
Path Loss Lp
Clutter Type
III.Multi Path Propagation Model: (A) H ata Okumura Model Frequency Value of A
800 146.2
Lp = A 13.82 log H BS + (44.9-6.55 log HDense
BS ) log d(km) a(H )
Urban and Urban M S 900 146.8
Areas 1800 153.8
HBS = Base Station antenna height 1900 154.3
HMS = Mobile Station antenna height 800 136.4
d= Cell Range in Km 900 136.9
Sub Urban Areas
1800 146.2
a(HMS)= 3.2(log 11.75H MS)2-4.97 1900 146.9
800 127.1
900 127.5
Rural Areas
1800 134.1
1900 134.6
800 117.9
900 118.3
Open Areas
1800 124.3
1900 124.8
Path Loss Lp
III. Multi Path Propagation Model: (A) Hata Okumura Model
In our previous example for Urban clutter ( GSM 900MHz- band),
Lp=154 dB
Assuming HBS=35m and HMS=1.5m
Lp = A 13.82 log HBS + (44.9-6.55 log HBS ) log d(km) a (HMS )
Lp = 146.8 13.82 log 35 + (44.9-6.55 log 35 ) log d(km) [ 3.2(log 11.75*1.5)2-4.97]
Lp = 146.8 21.34 + 34.786 log d(km) + ( 0.001)
Then log d(km) = 0.76 then d = 6.6 km
Hata Okumuras mode doesnt give accurate values with Dense Urban and
Urban areas when the typical cell radius is less than 1 km, so it is used with
rural and open areas only.
Path Loss Lp
III.Multi Path Propagation Model: (B) Walfish-Ikegami Model
Clutter Type Frequency Value of K
Lp = K +38 log d + 18 log (H BS -17) 800 142.4
Dense Urban, Urban and 900 143.2
HBS = Base Station antenna height Sub Urban Areas 1800 153.2
d= Cell Range in Km 1900 154.1
Concerning our previous example, in Urban clutter (GSM 900-Band), Lp=154 dB

Assuming HBS =35m, then
Lp = 143.2 + 38 log d + 18 log (35-17) = 154
Log d = - 0.3 then d = 0.5 Km = 500 m
Walfish-Ikegami Model is more suitable for estimating the cell range in

Dense Urban and Urban clutters.
Up Link Budget
Now, were going to calculate the cell radius where the Pin BTS will be
PinBTS = BTSsensitivity + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o)
Pin BTS PoutMS
TMA
GTMA-UL
Pout MS : Output power from the Mobile Station.

Lf BTS : Losses in Feeders, Jumpers and connectors
Ga BTS : BTS antenna gain Gd BTS : BTS antenna diversity gain
Lp : Path Loss Pin BTS : Input power at the Base Station
GTMA-UL : TMA UL gain
Up Link Budget
Example:
Given that: Pout MS = 33 dBm, Lf BTS = 2.6 dB, G TMA-UL = 4 dB ,
BTSsensitivity = -110 dBm, Ga BTS =18 dBi Gd BTS = 3.5 dB , then we can calculate the path loss
as follows:
Lp = (Pout MS + G TMA-UL - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Gd BTS ) PinBTS
PinBTS = BTSsensitivity + RFmargin + IFmargin + BLmargin + LNFmarg(o)
= -110+3+2+5+4.9=-95.1
Lp = 33 + 4 2.6 + 18 + 3.5 (-95.1) = 151 dB
Based on Walfish-Ikegami, we can calculate the maximum cell range on the path loss
calculated in the UL
Assuming HBS =35m, then
Lp = 143.2 + 38 log d + 18 log (35-17) = 151 dB
Log d = - 0.38 then d ~ 0.42 Km = 420 m
Now
from downlink budget calculations dDL = 500m
while
from the uplink budget calculations dUL = 420m,
then were going to design on the lower value.
Power Balance
Now in order to guarantee that there is a power balance between the DL and the UL paths, weve to recalculate the
BTS output power that will achieve this balance.
Lp = (Pout BTS - Lf BTS + Ga BTS + Gd BTS ) - Pin MS

Lp = Pout BTS - 2.6+18+3.5-(-89.1) = Pout BTS + 108 = 151dB
Pout BTS = 43 dBm and this is the BTS o/p power for powerbalance.
DL Coverage
If the DL and UL coverage are not balanced as in figure, then in

the shaded area in between, the MSs will receive a good DL
signal but their UL signal wont reach the BTS.
UL Coverage
Capacity Dimensioning
Capacity Dimensioning
The Capacity in cellular system depends on:

The number of channels available.
The Grade Of Service (GOS) the subscribers are encountering in the system
Traffic Theory attempts to obtain useful estimates, for example the number of
channels needed in a cell these estimates will depend on the selected system
and the assumed or real behavior of the subscribers.
Traffic? Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought of as
the holding time per time unit.
Traffic: is measured in Erlangs (Er), a traffic of 1 Er means that this channel

was busy for 1 complete hour.
Number of calls/hr X Average call holding time (Sec)
Traffic (Er) =
3600
How much traffic can one cell carry?

This will depend on:
Number of traffic channels available.
Amount of congestion which is the GOS
Erlang-B table: is used to calculate how much traffic a cell can bear given
certain no. of Traffic Channels and certain GOS.
The Erlang-B table: was formed based on certain assumptions:

Poisson distribution (random) traffic
Blocked calls leave the call.
Example:
With a cell configured with 4 frequencies, then the number of available TCH
channels = 4*8 2 =30 TCHs, with GOS=2% then using Erlang-B we can
calculate the maximum traffic on this cell = 21.932 Er
If the average traffic/user = 30 mEr (i.e. average call/user = 108 seconds= 1.8 minutes)
then at peak (busy) hour this cell can support 21.932/30m = 730 users
Erlang B-Table
N.B:
The numerical
headings indicate
blocking probability %
Example:
If we have input from the marketing team that in a certain city each 100meters well have
in the busy hour 150 users each will talk for 108 seconds = 1.8 minutes (i.e. each user
generates 30mE), calculate the cell range if each cell will be configured with 4
frequencies.
Solution:
For each cell, no. of TCHs = 4*8 2 =30 TCHs, with GOS=2% then using Erlang-B
Table we can find that each cell can bear up to 21.932 Er
But each user generates 30mE, then this cell can serve (21.9/30e-3) = 732 subscriber.
According to the users distribution, then each 100 m we have 150 subscriber, then for
each cell the 732 subscriber will be distributed on 100*(732/150) = 487 meters.
d= 487m
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Distance
0 Er 10 Er 20 Er 30 Er 40 Er 50 (meters)
0 0 0 0 0
Channel Utilization (Trunking Efficiency)
One of the factors that should be taken into consideration in dimensioning, and it shows
how efficient the resources are utilized.
It is calculated as T = 100* (Traffic (Er) / No. of channels )
If we have an area generates a traffic of 20 Erlang, so under GOS=2% is it better to use 1
cell or to split the traffic between 2 cell each of which to carry 10 Er ?
For 1 cell to carry 20 Erlang with GOS=2%, then For 2 cells each to carry 10 Erlang with GOS=2%,
no. of TCHs needed = 28, then we should have at then no. of TCHs needed/cell = 17 , then we should
least 4 frequencies. have at least 3 frequencies.
4 freq = 30 available TCHs 3 freq/cell = 22 available TCHs/ cell, i.e. both cells will
Now Trunking efficiency have now 44 available TCHs
T = 100* (20/ 30) = 66.67% Now Trunking efficiency
T = 100* (20/ 44) = 45.5 %
It is apparent from the above that using 1 cell will be more efficient than splitting the
SDCCH Dimensioning
The load on the SDCCH channel is affected by:
Mobility Management procedures, that is, Normal Location Updating, Periodic
Registration and IMSI attach/detach.
Connection Management procedures, that is, Call set-up, SMSs.
The Typical GOS of SDCCH channel will depend either combined or non-
combined modes are used:
Non-Combined: GOS = 0.5% ( SDCCH/8)
Combined: GOS = 1% (SDCCH/4)
SDCCH Dimensioning
Two models are used to estimate the SDCCH load
BAS1 Model: Typical model for SDCCH load estimations in average network.
ERA5 Model: More aggressive model may be used when the subscribers
behavior in the network is not known.
The SDCCH load estimations, three types of cells are considered:

Border Cell (BC): Cell lies on a location area border and will be subjected to
heavy location updating.
Inner Cell (IC): Cell lies in the core of the location area and will never subjected
to location updating.
Average Cell (AC): Cell having average no. of location updating.
SDCCH Dimensioning
The SDCCH load estimations based on the two models can be seen as
below:
The 1st model:

BAS1 Model
Event Average Cell Inner Cell Border Cell
Location Updating 0.5 0 1.5 mE/subscriber
IMSI Attach/detach 0.4 0.4 0.4 mE/subscriber
Periodic Registration 0.2 0.2 0.2 mE/subscriber
Call set-up 0.8 0.8 0.8 mE/subscriber
SMS 0.3 0.3 0.3 mE/subscriber
Total 2.2 1.7 3.2 mE/subscriber
20% Traffic Margin added 2.6 2 3.8 mE/subscriber
SDCCH Dimensioning
The SDCCH load estimations based on the two models can be seen as
below:
The 2nd model:

ERA5 Model
Event Average Cell Inner Cell Border Cell
Location Updating 1 0 3 mE/subscriber
IMSI Attach/detach 1.8 1.8 1.8 mE/subscriber
Periodic Registration 0.5 0.5 0.5 mE/subscriber
Call set-up 0.9 0.9 0.9 mE/subscriber
SMS 1.7 1.7 1.7 mE/subscriber
Total 5.9 4.9 7.9 mE/subscriber
20% Traffic Margin added 7.1 5.9 9.5 mE/subscriber
Frequency Planning
Frequency Planning
A Cellular system is based upon reuse of the same set of carriers (frequencies).
The same set of frequencies will be reused every cluster, where the cluster is formed
of defined no. of cells.
When applying certain frequency plan strategy, some issues should be taken into
consideration like: Available frequency spectrum, Subscribers distribution, required
Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I) and Carrier to Adjacent ratio (C/A).
It is recommended to keep C/I > 12 dB, while maintaining C/A > -3 dB

Frequency Assignment Strategies
(I) Fixed Frequency Groups (II) Multiple Reuse Pattern
(A) (B)
4/12 Reuse 3/9 Reuse
Pattern Pattern
(I) Fixed Frequency Groups
It is the traditional way of assigning frequencies, it is accomplished by

dividing the frequency spectrum into groups each of which has the same no.
of frequencies and each cell will be assigned a certain group.
The advantage with this method is that once the BCCH plan is finished, all
other frequencies will be mapped in the same way.
The disadvantage is that it is not spectrum efficient and doesnt make use of
the fact that not all cells have the same number of TRUs.
(I-A) 4/12 Reuse Pattern
The Cluster will be formed of 4 Sites =12

cells on which the frequency spectrum
will be divided.
The cluster will be then repeated

every where all over the network.
Using this pattern then:
D= 3.46 R
D= Reuse distance
R= hexagon radius
C/I = 10log(D/R) 4 = 21.58 dB

Example:
If the frequency spectrum is made up of 36 freq, then whatll be
the distribution of these frequencies/cluster?
Strategy#1: Block Distribution

The frequency band will be divided into blocks formed
of consecutive frequencies, block for the BCCH
frequencies and block for the TCH frequencies.
Then well form 12 groups each group will be assigned
to a cell within the cluster ( 1 BCCH freq. + 2 TCHs
frequencies)
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f15 f16 f17 f18 f19 f20 f21 f22 f23 f24 f25 f26 f27 f28 f29 f30 f31 f32 f33 f34 f35 f36
BCCH Block TCH Block 1 TCH Block 2

(I)Fixed Frequency Groups

Cell A1: Group1 = f1(BCCH), f13(TCH1), f25(TCH2)
Cell B1: Group2 = f2(BCCH), f14(TCH1), f26(TCH2)
Cell C1: Group3 = f3(BCCH), f15(TCH1), f27(TCH2)
Cell D3: Group12 = f12(BCCH), f24(TCH1), f36(TCH2)
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 Frequencies from the BCCH Block
f13 f14 f15 f16 f17 f18 f19 f20 f21 f22 f23 f24 Frequencies from TCH Block 1
f25 f26 f27 f28 f29 f30 f31 f32 f33 f34 f35 f36 Frequencies from TCH Block 2
Strategy#2: Scattered Distribution
The frequencies assigned for both BCCH and TCH
bands will be chosen in a scattered manner and not as
block.
Then well form 12 groups each group will be
assigned to a cell within the cluster
( 1 BCCH freq. + 2 TCHs frequencies)
BCCH Frequencies
TCH Frequencies 1
TCH Frequencies 2
BCCH Frequencies TCH Frequencies 1 TCH Frequencies 2


Cell A1: Group1 = f1(BCCH), f35(TCH1), f33(TCH2)
Cell B1: Group2 = f4(BCCH), f2(TCH1), f36(TCH2)
Cell C1: Group3 = f7(BCCH), f5(TCH1), f3(TCH2)
Cell D3: Group12 = f34(BCCH), f32(TCH1), f30(TCH2)
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3
f1 f4 f7 f10 f13 f16 f19 f22 f25 f28 f31 f34 BCCH Frequencies
f35 f2 f5 f8 f11 f14 f17 f20 f23 f26 f29 f32 TCH Frequencies 1
f33 f36 f3 f6 f9 f12 f15 f18 f21 f24 f27 f30 TCH Frequencies 2
For this example whatever the strategy used either

Blocked or scattered, the no. of frequencies/cell = 3.
We can calculate the trunking efficiency as below:
No. of TCHs/Cell = (3*8 2 )= 22 Traffic channels,

with GOS=2% then Traffic = 14.9 Er
T = 100* (14.9/ 22) = 66.72%

(I-B) 3/9 Reuse Pattern
The Cluster will be formed of 3 Sites = 9 cells

on which the frequency spectrum will be divided .
The cluster will be then repeated every where

all over the network.
Using this pattern then:
D= 3R
D= Reuse distance
R= hexagon radius
C/I = 10log(D/R) 4 = 19.1 dB

Example:
If the frequency spectrum is made up of 36 freq,
then whatll be the distribution of these frequencies/Cluster?

The frequency band will be divided into blocks formed of
consecutive frequencies, block for the BCCH frequencies and
block for the TCH frequencies.
Then well form 9 groups each group will be assigned to a cell
within the cluster
( 1 BCCH freq. + 3 TCHs frequencies)
BCCH Block TCH Block 1 TCH Block 2 TCH Block 3

Cell A1: Group1 = f1(BCCH), f10TCH1), f19(TCH2), f28(TCH3)
Cell B1: Group2 = f2 (BCCH), f11(TCH1), f20(TCH2), f29(TCH3)
Cell C1: Group3 = f3(BCCH), f12(TCH1), f21(TCH2), f30(TCH3)
Cell C3: Group9 = f9 (BCCH), f18(TCH1), f27(TCH2), f36(TCH3)
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3 Frequencies from the BCCH Block

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequencies from TCH Block 1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Frequencies from TCH Block 2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Frequencies from TCH Block 3
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
The frequencies assigned for both BCCH and TCH bands
will be chosen in a scattered manner and not as block.
Then well form 9 groups each group will be assigned to a
cell within the cluster ( 1 BCCH freq. + 3 TCHs frequencies)
BCCH Frequencies
TCH Frequencies 1
TCH Frequencies 2
TCH Frequencies 3
BCCH Block TCH Block 1 TCH Block 2 TCH Block 3

Cell A1: Group1 = f1(BCCH), f34(TCH1), f31(TCH2), f28(TCH3)
Cell B1: Group2 = f5(BCCH), f2(TCH1), f35(TCH2), f32(TCH3)
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
f1 f5 f9 f13 f17 f21 f25 f29 f33 BCCH Frequencies
f34 f2 f6 f10 f14 f18 f22 f26 f30 TCH Frequencies 1
(I)Fixed Frequency Groups
For this example whatever the strategy used either

Blocked or scattered, the no. of frequencies/cell = 4.
We can calculate the trunking efficiency as below:
No. of TCHs/Cell = (4*8 2 )= 30 Traffic channels,

with GOS=2% then Traffic = 21.93 Er
T = 100* (21.93/ 30) = 73.1%

(II) Multiple Reuse Pattern
It is more spectrum efficient than fixed frequency groups for non-uniform

configurations.
The frequency assignment is done according to layered frequency planning
where each band is individually planned.
That is due to the fact that the load on each cell differs according to the
serving area.
Assume a frequency bandwidth of 7.2MHz (36 frequency) and configuration
with maximum 4 frequencies per cell is allowed.
The frequencies are then divided into four bands, one band for the BCCH
frequencies and three bands for the TCH frequencies as below:
12 BCCH Frequencies BCCH Frequencies

f1 f3 f5 f7 f9 f11 f13 f15 f17 f19 f21 f23
10 TCH Frequencies in the 1st TCH band TCH Frequencies 1
f2 f4 f6 f8 f10 f12 f14 f16 f18 f20
TCH Frequencies 2
8 TCH Frequencies in the 2nd TCH band f22 f24 f26 f28 f30 f32 f34 f36
TCH Frequencies 3
6 TCH Frequencies in the 3rd TCH band f25 f27 f29 f31 f33 f35
Assume that cell A is serving in an area where high traffic is expected, while
cell B is serving in a normal traffic area.
The frequency allocation for both cells may be as below:
Cell A: f1 (BCCH), f6 (1st TCH Band), f22 (2nd TCH Band), f25 (3rd TCH Band)
Cell B: f3 (BCCH), f8 (1st TCH Band) A
B C
It can be seen that cells wont experience the same frequency reuse pattern
as each of which is configured with different no. of TRXs.
Planning With Atoll
Atoll Overview
Atoll is an open, scalable, and flexible multi-technology
network design and optimization platform that supports.
wireless operators throughout the network lifecycle, from
initial design to densification and optimization.
Atoll supports the following technologies:
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
UMTS/HSPA
CDMA2000 1xRTT/EV-DO
LTE
TD-SCDMA
WiMAX 802.16d
WiMAX 802.16e
Microwave Radio links
ATOLL GENERAL FEATURES
MULTI TECHNOLOGY TOOL
o Dedicated Project Templates & Propagation
Models for all supported technology
USER FRIENDLY GUI
o Windows based tools
o Easy to export/ import all required data
o Simply support copy/paste all data
ATOLL GENERAL FEATURES
FLEXIBILITY IN DATA MANAGEMENT
o Display, Sorts & Filter
WORKING SYSTEMS
o Stand Alone .atl documents
ATOLL USER INTERFACE
How to start a project in Atoll
Open Atoll
Go to the new template (ctrl N)
Go to tools tab
Go to options tab
Working with map.
Go to file import map tab file step by step
Clutter file as clutter heights
Clutter file as clutter classes
Height file as Altitude
Places file in text data
Working with map.
Working with map.
Working with map.
Working with map.
Working with map.
Working with map.
Working with map.
Load vectors individually and repeat the same
process for all vectors
Working with map.
Working with map.
Add propagation Module
Go to module tab in explorer window
select SPM
Make duplicate of SPM
Double click the duplicate SPM
Give some special name for duplicate
propagation module in general tab
Change the value of K1,K2..K7 in
parameter tab
Change the value of clutter parameter
in clutter tab
We can add different propagation module as per
requirement.
Value of constant parameter K1,K2 K7 is
calibrated by module tuning of the Network
The Standard Propagation Model is a propagation
model based on the Hata formulas and is suited
for predictions in the 150 to 3500 MHz band over
long distances (from one to 20 km). It is best
suited to GSM 900/1800, UMTS, and CDMA2000
radio technologies.
The Standard Propagation Model
How to add Antenna in Atoll
There are different methods for antenna

parameter addition
Import TXT file
Import CSV file
Copy and paste parameter from Excel
Most easy method is last one
How to add site
Now Atoll project is ready.
Now its time to add sites and transmitter of
the in the project
Make excel sheet of site and transmitter as
per template
How to add site
How to add site
How to add transmitter
Repeat the same process as site
Make sure the conditions:
data should be in same format of atoll
template
Antenna should be selected
Antenna height should be selected
Propagation module should be selected
Coverage calculation
Group the site and transmitter as per
requirement
Activate the antenna
Select Filtering Zone/Focus Zone/Computation
Zone as per requirement
Prediction name, Legend
Export coverage in Google Earth
Export coverage as a tab file
Export coverage as a tab file
Thank You

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What are the different access techniques used in GSM?

What are the different access techniques used in GSM?

What are the different frequency bands used in GSM and their corresponding downlink and uplink frequencies?

What are the different frequency bands used in GSM and their corresponding downlink and uplink frequencies?

2G PLANNING AND DIMENSIONING

GSM System Reminder.

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication

Frequency Band-Down Link Frequency Band-Up Link

E-GSM (Extended GSM) 925 935 MHz 880 890 MHz

P-GSM 900 935 960 MHz 890 915 MHz

GSM 1800 (DCS) 1805 1880 MHz 1710 1785 MHz

GSM 1900 (PCS) 1930 1990 MHz 1850 1910 MHz

But what do we mean by frequency Band?

UL Band 890MHz 915MHz, DL Band 935MHz 960MHz

Carrier separation = 200 KHz

935.2 935.6 Downlink

Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz

Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz

No. of carriers 124 174 374 299

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

BSC (Base Station Controller)

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module)

Frequency Band is divided into no. of frequencies.

Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Broadcast Control Channel Random AccessChannel Slow Associated Control Channel

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

Full Rate Channels (FR)

Half Rate Channels (HR)

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

cells. (DL Channel)

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Paging Channel (PCH)

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)

Cell Broad Cast Channel (CBCH)

Traffic Channels Control Channels

Half Rate Full Rate Common Dedicated

Synchronization Channel Access Grant Channel Cell Broadcast Control Channel

Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (DL)

51 consecutive control frames = 1 Control multi frame

Mapping on TS0/BCCH carrier (UL)

Mapping on TS1/BCCH carrier (DL)

Mapping on TS2/BCCH carrier (DL/UL) if it will be used by certain MS in active mode

26 consecutive Traffic frames = 1 Traffic multi frame

Traffic Multi Frames