Lecture 2 Gauss Law

Chapter 22
Gauss Law
DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY 16-17 1

2
Chapter 22
Gauss Law
22-1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC

FLUX
22-2 CALCULATING ELECTRIC
FLUX
22-3 GAUSS LAW
22-4 APPLICATION OF GAUSS
LAW
22-5 CHARGES IN CONDUCTORS
DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

16-17
22-1
Charge and Electric Flux & 3
Calculating Electric Flux
OBJECTIVES:
Evaluate the electric flux through a surface
given the electric field
Relate the electric flux through a closed
surface to the total charge inside and outside
the surface

16-17
Gauss Law? 4

16-17
22-1
Charge and Electric Flux 5
What is Gausss Law?

relationship between electric charges and electric fields
imaginary surface
What is the Electric field

Q
(on the surface)?
applicable for both continuous and discrete charge distribution

16-17
22-1
Symmetric vs. Asymmetric

Charge distributions
Systems with symmetry Systems without symmetry
Gausss Law makes E-field Gausss Law also applies but more
calculation easier. difficult.

16-17
22-1
Calculating Electric Flux 7
Electric flux is the number of

electric field lines that are passing
through the surface.
For Uniform Electric Field

16-17
22-2
Area Vector
Using the righthand rule, the direction of the area
vector can be determined.

16-17
22-2
Area Vector
In a closed surface, we choose the directions of the area
vectors to be pointing away from the polyhedron.

16-17
22-2
Example
A cube with a length of 1.00m is
oriented as shown in the figure. 2
What are the area vectors at the
following surfaces:
y 3
1
1. Surface 1?
2. Surface 2?
3. Surface 3?
z x

16-17
22-2
Electric flux is the number of

electric field lines that are passing
through the surface.
For Non Uniform Electric Field

16-17
22-2
General definition of electric flux
where
Uniform Electric Field Non-uniform Electric Field

16-17
22-2
Note:
: unit vector perpendicular to A
Case 1. Case 2. Case 3.

16-17
22-2

16-17
22-1
Electric Flux and Enclosed Charge

Note: Electric field does not flow.
points out of the surface points into of the surface

Outward electric flux Inward electric flux

16-17
22-2
Electric Flux and Enclosed Charge

3 cases in which there is zero net charge inside a box and
no net electric flux through the surface of the box.

16-17
22-2
Main points:
The net electric flux due to a charge distribution
inside a closed surface is independent of the size
and shape of the closed surface.

16-17
22-2
Main points:
The net electric flux due to a charge distribution
inside a closed surface depends only on the net
charge inside.

16-17
22-2
A cylindrical piece of insulating material is placed

in an external electric field, as shown. The net
electric flux passing through the surface of the
cylinder is
A.Positive
B.Negative
C.Zero
D.Not enough info

16-17
22-2
Quiz:
A uniform electric field given by
/
= + +
is incident on a flat square sheet lying on the xy-
plane. If the length of the sides is 3 m, what is the
absolute value of the electric flux through the
sheet?
Hint: Formulate the area vector.
Answer:

16-17
21
Chapter 22
Gauss Law

FLUX
FLUX
22-3 GAUSS LAW
LAW

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 22
OBJECTIVE:
Express Gauss Law in words and in
equations

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 23
Gausss Law
alternative to Coulombs Law
formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss

a different way of expressing the relationship between electric charge
and electric field
Recall:
Gausss Law
(qualitative)
16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 24
Point Charge inside a Spherical Surface

Consider a point charge +q placed at the center of a spherical Gaussian
surface with radius R.
: Outward and perpendicular to any point on the Gaussian surface
+q
R
has the same value at any point on the surface.
(Flux is independent of radius R of sphere)

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 25
2 spheres with radii R and 2R centered on the point charge +q
4dA
R dA
q
2R
The same number of field lines and the same flux

pass through both of these area elements.
16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 26
Point Charge inside a Non-spherical Surface
For irregular surface:

If enclosed charge is positive (+q):
+q
Holds for any size or shape of closed surface

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 27
Point Charge inside a Non-spherical Surface

If enclosed charge is negative (-q):
-q

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 28
Point Charge inside a Non-spherical

Surface
If there is no enclosed charge:

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 29
General form of Gausss Law

q1 q2
q
qn
Enclosed charge
Electric field
on Gaussian surface
Electric flux

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 30
General form of Gausss Law

q1 q2
q
qn
Gausss Law

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 31
Example:
A positive point charge Q is located at the center of a cube of
side-length L. In addition, six other identical positive point
charges q are positioned symmetrically around Q, as shown
in the figure. What is the electric flux through one face of the
cube? Answer:
The charges are symmetrically
arranged and are symmetrically distant
from the faces of Gaussian cube.
+
= =

+
= =

16-17
22-3
Gauss Law 32
Concept Test
Which of the following closed surfaces has the most positive
electric flux through it?
A. S1 B. S5 C. S2 D. S3
S2 S5
S3 Legend:
+q
S4 -q
S1
16-17
33
Chapter 22
Gauss Law

FLUX
FLUX
22-3 GAUSS LAW
LAW

16-17
22-4
Applications of Gauss 34
Law
OBJECTIVE:
Use Gauss Law to calculate the electric
field generated at a point by highly
symmetrical charge distributions

16-17
22-4
Law
Gausss Law
valid for any distribution of charges and for any closed surface
Two applications:
1. Symmetric charge distribution + evaluate integral = electric field
2. Electric field + Gausss Law = knowledge of charge distribution

16-17
22-4
Law
For a solid conductor
any excess charge must

reside on the surface
inside

16-17
22-4
Law

16-17
22-4
Law
Seatwork (for 2 minutes):
Consider a solid spherical conductor of radius R and charge
+Q at electrostatic equilibrium shown below. Which is the
correct ranking of the Points A, B, C, and D according the
value of the electric field at their locations?
A. D > C > B > A
B. D > C > B = A
C. D = C > B = A
D. C > D > B = A
16-17
22-4
Law
Recall:

16-17
22-4
Law
Recall:

16-17
22-4
Law
For a solid insulator
Charges can be distributed

anywhere inside the material
inside

16-17
22-4
Law

16-17
22-4
Law

16-17
22-4
Law
Quiz (for 3 minutes):
A Gaussian cube of side s is placed inside a uniformly charged
insulating sphere of radius 2s and charge Q. What is the
electric flux on the Gaussian cube?
A. 3Q/(32o)
Hint:
B. 32Q/(3o)
C. 3Q/(32o)
D. 32Q/(3o)

16-17
45
Chapter 22
Gauss Law

FLUX
FLUX
22-3 GAUSS LAW
LAW

16-17
22-5
Charges on Conductors 46
OBJECTIVE:
Predict the charge distribution induced on
the surface of a conductor in the presence of a
static charge and external electric field

16-17
22-5
Gausss Law
valid for any distribution of charges and for any closed surface
Two applications:
1. Symmetric charge distribution + evaluate integral = electric field
2. Electric field + Gausss Law = knowledge of charge distribution

16-17
22-5
Charges on a conductor
For a solid conductor in electrostatic situation,

16-17
22-5
Question:
But what if there is a cavity inside
the conductor?

16-17
22-5

16-17
22-5
For a conductor with internal cavity,

16-17
22-5
If we insert an isolated charge q inside the cavity,

16-17
22-5
Faraday cage

16-17
22-5
Physics!

16-17
22-5

16-17
22-5
Example:
A small conducting spherical shell with inner radius a and outer radius b is
concentric with a larger conducting spherical shell with inner radius c and
outer radius d. The inner shell has total charge +2q, and the
outer shell has charge +4q.
Calculate the electric field magnitude in terms of k, q and r from the

common center of the spheres.
1. r < a
2. a < r < b
3. b < r < c
4. c < r < d
5. r > d
16-17
22-5
Example:
Which of the following can be true regarding the figure shown below?
I. The electric field at S is stronger than at P.
II. There is a point charge at point Q.
III. There are negative charges at point L.
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I and III only
E. I, II and III

16-17
22-5

A spherical conducting shell S1 is placed inside another spherical
conducting shell S3. The space between S1 and S3 is filled by an
uncharged insulator S2. The isolated charge within the cavity is +2Q. If
the net charge of S1 is 4Q and the net charge of S3 is 4Q, what is the
net charge of the following surfaces?
Inner surface of S1 [1pt]
A. Q B. +Q C. +2Q D. 2Q
Outer surface of S1 [1pt]

A. Q B. +6Q C. +4Q D. Q

A. 6Q B. +3Q C. +4Q D. 3Q

A. Q B. +3Q C. +2Q D. 4Q
16-17
22-5

A spherical conducting shell S1 is placed inside another spherical
conducting shell S3. The space between S1 and S3 is filled by an
uncharged insulator S2. The isolated charge within the cavity is +2Q. If
the net charge of S1 is 4Q and the net charge of S3 is 4Q, what is the
net charge of the following surfaces?
A. Q B. +Q C. +2Q D. 2Q
[1pt] for attendance
A. Q B. +6Q C. +4Q D. Q
Inner surface of S3 [1pt] 5/5

A. 6Q B. +3Q C. +4Q D. 3Q

A. Q B. +3Q C. +2Q D. 4Q
16-17
Chapter 22
Gauss Law
DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY 16-17 60

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Chapter 22

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY 16-17 1

22-1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

What is Gausss Law?

What is the Electric field

applicable for both continuous and discrete charge distribution

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Symmetric vs. Asymmetric

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Electric flux is the number of

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Electric flux is the number of

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

General definition of electric flux

Uniform Electric Field Non-uniform Electric Field

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Case 1. Case 2. Case 3.

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Electric Flux and Enclosed Charge

points out of the surface points into of the surface

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Electric Flux and Enclosed Charge

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

A cylindrical piece of insulating material is placed

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

22-1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss

Point Charge inside a Spherical Surface

has the same value at any point on the surface.

(Flux is independent of radius R of sphere)

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

2 spheres with radii R and 2R centered on the point charge +q

The same number of field lines and the same flux

Point Charge inside a Non-spherical Surface

For irregular surface:

Holds for any size or shape of closed surface

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Point Charge inside a Non-spherical Surface

For irregular surface:

Holds for any size or shape of closed surface

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

Point Charge inside a Non-spherical

Holds for any size or shape of closed surface

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

General form of Gausss Law

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY

General form of Gausss Law

DAILISAN PHYSICS 72 2ND SEM AY