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    Of Immunology: Basic Concept

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    Alunaficha Melody Kirania
    The document discusses the basic concepts of immunology. It covers the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific responses that serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides highly specific and memory-based responses. The immune system uses a combination of innate and adaptive responses to effectively fight off pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis, inflammation, and antigen-specific antibodies and T cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Of Immunology: Basic Concept

    Uploaded by

    Alunaficha Melody Kirania
    28 views17 pages
    The document discusses the basic concepts of immunology. It covers the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific responses that serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides highly specific and memory-based responses. The immune system uses a combination of innate and adaptive responses to effectively fight off pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis, inflammation, and antigen-specific antibodies and T cells.

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    Imunologi Farmasi

    Original Title

    Imunologi Farmasi

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    The document discusses the basic concepts of immunology. It covers the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific responses that serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides highly specific and memory-based responses. The immune system uses a combination of innate and adaptive responses to effectively fight off pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis, inflammation, and antigen-specific antibodies and T cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    28 views17 pages

    Of Immunology: Basic Concept

    Uploaded by

    Alunaficha Melody Kirania
    The document discusses the basic concepts of immunology. It covers the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific responses that serve as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides highly specific and memory-based responses. The immune system uses a combination of innate and adaptive responses to effectively fight off pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis, inflammation, and antigen-specific antibodies and T cells.

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    BASIC CONCEPT

    OF IMMUNOLOGY

    Sulistiana Prabowo
    Laboratory of Biochemistry
    Faculty of Medicine
    Hang Tuah University
    IMMUNOLOGY

    IS STUDY OF WAYS IN WHICH THE BODY


    DEFENDS IT SELF FROM INFECTIOUS
    AGENTS AND OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
    IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

    IS STUDY OF IMMUNITY
    The immune system is a remarkably
    adaptive defense system that
    evolved in vertebrates to protect
    them from invading pathogenic
    microorganisms and cancer
    (Goldby, 2000)

    Immune response
    is a response of immune system
    (adaptive) immunity ???
    IMMUNOLOGY CONCEPTS

    INNATE IMMUNITY
    NON SPECIFIC

    ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
    SPECIFIC
    INNATE IMMUNITY
    Skin ANATOMIC BARRIER
    Temperature
    IS A NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE
    Mechanical barrier retards entery PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER
    Various
    THAT
    Normal cells
    OPERATES
    body internalize
    AS FIRST
    temperature inhibits
    of microbes.
    INNATE IMMUNITY
    (endocytosis)
    growth breakAND
    andDEFENSE
    of some downADAPTIVE
    pathogens. IMMUNITYBARRIER
    DO NOT
    THE
    Tissue
    OPERATE
    LINE
    foreign
    AGAINST
    Adicid Low
    damage
    OF
    pH(pH
    macromolecules.
    and infection
    INPATHOGEN
    TOTAL
    environment
    4 BARRIERS
    INFLAMMATORY
    INDEPENDECE OF EACH OTHER.
    3-5)
    induce
    THEY ofleakage
    retards
    Acidity (Clancy,of
    growth
    stomach
    COOPERATE ofvacular
    1998)
    IN killfluid,
    microbes.
    contents most
    INPORTANT WAYS TO
    PHAGOCYTOSIS PRODUCE
    BARRIER
    containing
    ingested
    Specialized
    serum
    microorganisms.
    protein
    cell with
    MORE EFFECTIVE Anatomic barrier
    IMMUNITY.
    (blood
    antibacterial
    IS monocytes,
    A SET activity,
    OF neutrophils,
    and influx
    DISEASE
    Mucous
    Chemical
    of tissue
    phagocytic
    membranes
    mediators
    macrophages)
    cells into Physiological barrier
    RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
    internalize
    Lysozyme the affected
    (phagocytose),
    cleaves
    THAT ARE area.
    bacterial
    Normal flora compete with microbes kill,
    cell wall. Inflammatory barrier
    Interferon induce antiviral state in Phagocytosis / endocytosis
    NON
    for OPSONIZATION
    SPECIFIC
    attachment and and nutrients. IN PHAGOCYTOSIS.
    site RESPONSE
    uninfected cells.
    digest whole
    TO PARTICULAR
    Complement
    microorganisms.
    PATHOGENor
    lyses microorganisms
    Mucus entraps foreign2000)
    (Goldsby, microorganisms.
    facilitates phagocytosis.
    Cilia propel microorganisms out of body.
    INNATE IMMUNITY

    IS A NONSPECIFIC CELLULAR AND HUMORAL RESPONSE THAT OPERATES


    OF DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS.

    EXTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS ARE IMMEDIATELY TAKEN UP AND


    DEGRADED BY NEUTROPHILS AND MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES.

    LARGE PARASITES ARE KILLED BY EOSIPHILS.

    NATURAL KILLER LYMPHOCYTES KILL SOME TUMOR AND VIRALLY


    INFECTED CELLS

    PREEXITING SOLUBLE MEDIATORS INNATE IMMUNITY ARE NATURAL


    ANTIBODIES AND SERUM COMPLEMENT COMPONENT, WHICH CAN ALSO
    ATTACH TO CELL MEMBRANES OF MANY PATHOGENS
    INNATE IMMUNITY

    PHAGOCYTOSIS
    Recognition
    CYTOLYSIS
    Engulfment
    Degradation

    SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION


    ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

    Specificity depend on specificity


    ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
    of epitope
    The immune
    IS A HIGHLY SPECIFIC, system is capable of
    INDUCIBLE,
    DIVERSITY generating tremendous diversity in its
    DISCRIMINATORY,
    FOUR CHARACTERISTIC AND UNFORGETTING
    ATTRIBUTES: T
    recognation molecules
    LYMPHOCYTE-DEPENDENT RESPONSE.
    1. ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
    2. DIVERSITY Secondary immune response to same
    3. NORMAL ADAPTIVE
    IMMUNOGENIC MEMORY RESPONSES OPERATE UNDER
    antigenic molecule
    4. MAJORRECOGNITION
    SELF-NONSELF HISTOCOMPATIBILY COMPLEX
    is faster (MHC)
    than primary response
    RESTRICTION.
    IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY
    Immune system normally responds
    SELF-NON SELF RECOGNATION only to foreign antigens (non self)
    ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

    IMMUNE RESPONSE
    SELF TOLERANCE
    SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION
    IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
    INNATE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

    INNATE: - Some intensity against all antigens


    - Memory : No
    - Cell effector : neutrophils, M, Eo, & NK Cell
    - Molecules : Complement, Lysosomal enzymes,
    acute phase proteins, & interferons.

    ADAPTIVE: - More rapid and intense (memory)


    - Memory : Yes
    - Cell effector : T and B lymphocytes
    - Molecules : Cytokines, antibody
    COMPONENT OF IMMUNITY

    INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

    ANATOMIC BARRIERS ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY


    PHYSIOLOGIC BARRIERS DIVERSITY
    PHAGOCYTIC/ENDOCYTIC BARRIERS IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
    INFLAMMATORY BARRIERS SELF-NON SELF DISCRIMINATION
    ANTIGEN VS IMMUNOGEN
    ANTIGEN
    ACTUALLY REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF MOLECULE TO BE RECOGNIZED BY AN
    IMMUNOGLOBULIN OR T CELL RECEPTOR AND HENCE TO SERVE AS THE TARGET
    OF A RESPONSE

    ANTIGENICITY
    IS ABILITY TO COMBINE SPECIFICALLY WITH THE FINAL PRODUCTS OF THE
    IMMUNE RESPONSES
    (AB &/OR CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS)

    IMMUNOGEN
    REFERSE OF MOLECULES OR COLLECTION OF MOLECULES THAT CAN INDUCE AN
    IMMUNE RESPONSE IN PARTICULAR HOST

    IMMUNOGENICITY
    IS THE ABILITY TO INDUCE A HUMORAL AND / OR CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
    EPITOPE OR
    ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

    DISCRITE SITE ON THE MACROMOLECULES


    THE IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE REGIONS OF AN IMMUNOGEN THAT
    BIND TO ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC MEMBRANE RECEPTORS ON LYMPHOCYTES OR TO
    SECRETED ANTIBODY

    Ab binds to an epitope by weak non covalent interactions,


    which operate only short distances
    IMMUNOGENECITY
    FACTORS

    FOREIGNNESS
    MOLECULES IMMATURE LYMPHOCYTES SELF
    MOLECULES MATURE LYMPHOCYTES NON SELF

    MOLECULAR SIZE
    THE BEST IMMUNOGENS TEND TO HAVE MOLECULAR MASS APPROACHING 100,000 DALTON
    A MOLECULARS LESS THAN 10,000 DALTON ARE POOR IMMUNOGENS

    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION & COMPLEXITY


    DEPENDS ON SUM OF DIFFERENT AMINO ACID
    QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE PROTEINS MORE COMPLEX THAN PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY PROTEINS

    SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIGEN PROCESSING & PRESENTATION


    LARGE INSOLUBLE MACROMOLECULES ARE MORE READILY PHAGOCYTOSED & PROCESSED
    ENZYME IN APC CAN DEGRADE ONLY L-AMINO ACID, BUT D-AMINO ACID CAN NOT BE PROCESSED
    HAPTENS

    SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIGENIC BUT NOT


    IMMUNOGENIC

    CHEMICAL COUPLING OF HAPTEN TO LARGE PROTEIN CALLED CARRIER

    HAPTEN-CARRIER CONJUGATE, TO CREATE NEW EPITOPE

    IMMUNOGENIC
    THEORY OF IMMUNITY
    EHRLICHS CONCEPT (1900)
    SELECTIVE THEORY
    THE SIDE-CHAIN SPECIFICITY WAS DETERMINED BEFORE
    ITS EXPOSURE TO ANTIGEN

    FRIEDRICH BREINL FELIX HAUROWITZ (1930)


    INTRUCTIONAL THEORY
    A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN WOULD SERVE AS TEMPLETE
    AROUND WHICH ANTIBODY WOULD FOLD

    NIELS JERNE, DAVID TALMADGE & F MACFARLANE BURNET (1950)


    CLONAL-SELECTION THEORY
    AN INDIVIDUAL LYMPHOCYTE EXPRESSES MEMBRANE
    RECEPTORS THAT ARE SPECIFIC FOR A DISTINCT
    ANTIGEN

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