UPON THE COMLETION OF THIS MODULE , THE PARTECIPANTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

1. prepare materials for fabricating formworks

2. Lay-out dimension of form sheathing and stiffener
3. Assemble form panels

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 Prepare Materials for Fabricating Formworks

 OBJECTIVE :
At the end of the session ,the participants will be able to
answer correctly 7 items out of the ten items given test within
3 minutes.

Time : 4 hours

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 Stud -the frame work where sheathing or form is
Fastened.
 Sheathing /board – mold the concrete to share.
 Wales – support the stud, align the form and
secure the ties.
 Braces and supports – hold the form in place.
 Ties and / or spreader – prevents separation and
falling in together of forms To ensure correct
dimensions
 Stakes – are used to fix braces and supports to the
ground.

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 An inherent properly of concrete is that it may
be made in any shape. the wet mixture is place in
forms constructed of wood ,metal or other
suitable material in which it hardens or sets. The
form must put together with quality
workmanship, holding to close dimensions
tolerances.

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 INTRODUCTION

Forms- are temporary boarding, sheathing or pans used

to produced the desired shape and size of concrete. forms
are essential in concrete construction.
Structural members of a building are built to its specified
dimension by the use o f the form s that serve as moulds for
the mixed con concrete . forms should be watertight, rigid,
and strong enough to sustain the weight of concrete . it
should be simple , economical and designed in such away that
it can remove easily and reassembled without being damaged
or damaging the concrete.

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 Formwork should be strong enough to support
the weight of the concrete and the rigid enough
to maintain position and shape . in addition,
formwork should be tight to prevent the
seepage of water and designed to permit ready
removal.

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 Timber used to forms is usually surfaced on the
side that comes in contact with the concrete ,
and frequently is oiled or otherwise sealed . this
fills the pores of the wood, reduces absorption of
water from the concrete mixture , produces
smoother concrete surfaces, and permits the
form boards to be more easily removed.

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 Steel forms - have the decided advantage of being more
substantial if they are to be reused . steel gives smoother
surfaces in the concrete , although it is almost impossible
to avoid showing the joints . for ribbed floors metal pans
and domes are used extensively , and columns , circular and
cross section , are invariably made with metal forms.

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 Because the formworks for a concrete structure constitute
a considerable item in the cost of the completed structure ,
particular care should be excised in its design. It is
desirable to maintain a repetition of identical units so that
the forms may be removed and reused at other locations
with a minimum amount of labor .

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As forms , plywood has the following advantages :

 Plywood is generally economical both in cost of materials

and labor
 Plywood has plain, smooth and even surface with uniform
thickness.
 When jointed, plywood is easily fitted, thus eliminating extra
cost for dressing finish Concrete.
 Plywood is lightweight materials , handy and fast to work
on.
 Plywood forms produces smooth finished concrete which
sometimes need little or no Plastering at all.

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 The Ordinary Plywood – is
commonly used in building
construction as ceiling, partitions,
cabinets, etc. This types plywood is
not resistant to moisture or water
saturation.

 The Marine Plywood – is water

proof material suitable for used in
all types of work that needs a
laminated board. Marine Plywood
is even used as doors for
comfort rooms and other exterior
door and sidings

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 Plywood as form requires wood frames and ribs.
Plywood in itself is not yet a form, it is only classified as
material but when framed and provided with ribs or joist
intended for use as sheeting of a concrete structure it is
called form A 2 x 2 lumber is commonly used as framing
of a regardless of the type of the structure. The resisting
capability of the form depends upon the manner how it is
supported by a framework called scaffolding staging.

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 The longitudinal rib type - is generally economical as
compared with the perpendicular or cross rib type. The
length of the ribs are preserved which could be utilized
later.
 The perpendicular rib type – or cross rib types is cut into
short pieces which after the dismantling of the form will
finally become waste and classified as firewood.
 Types of Forms:
1.Square Column
2.Rectangular
3.Circular
4.Form for Concrete beams

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 Two pieces having a
width similar to the
width of the column
 Two pieces having a
width four inches
wider than the other
or
 With respect to the
height of the length of
the from, it is variable
depending upon the
height from the floor
line to the bottom of
the beam.

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 Rectangular column has
also four pieces of form
with the following
descriptions:
 Two pieces having a width
similar or equal the longer
side of the cross section of
the rectangular column.
 Two pieces having a with
equal to the shorter width
of the cross section of the
rectangular column plus 4
inches.

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 Mostly, form for circular
column are made of plain
G.I sheet with wooden or
metal frame.
 Plain sheet is used as form
for circular column if the
use of plywood will not
warrant the desired
curvature.
 That is when the
circumference of the circle
is too small that the
plywood could not be
bended to meet the arc of
the circle.
 Form for circular column
is made up of two pieces
in the form of semi-
circle as show in:

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 Forms for concrete beam consist of one
bottom form having the width equals the
width of the beam plus 4 inches and two
sides form having a width equals the depth
of the beam.

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 Factors affecting from work design:

1. Simplicity and economic value

2. Ease in removal
3. Ease in assembly and re-assembly
4. Strength against concrete stresses
5. Size and kind of materials
6. Number of times of usage
7. Shape of structure according

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1. Carry the construction loads including the weight of the fresh concrete
plus the vertical and the horizontal impact load.

2. The rate and method of placing concrete. Form work should not
obstruct or impair the flow and movement of concreting activities.

3. The ease of stripping or removal of form work.

4. Special form requirements necessary for the construction of shells,

folded plates, domes, architectural concrete or similar types of elements.

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1. Form can be secured with:
2. Nails
3. Cleats and braces
4. Tie wire
5. Bolts
6. Clamps

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 In securing the form , their
dismantling and removal
must be anticipated . Nails-
Head should not be driven
totally below the surface of
the lumber, at lest 5mm of
the nail should be left
protruding for the hammer
or the wrecking bar to pull
off during the dismantling
operations.

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 The purpose of greasing the form is not make the wood water
proof. Thus, preventing absorption of water in concrete
which causes swelling and wrapping of the forms. Greasing is
also prevent adherence of concrete to the pores of wood.

 Crude oil is cheapest satisfactory materials for this purpose.

The crude oil is mixed with no. 40 motor oil proportion at 2:5
mixture varying according to the temperature where more oil
is necessary on warm weather. Greasing of form should not
be done after the steel bars have been set to its final position.

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 Scaffolding – is defined as temporary structure of
wooden poles and planks providing. It is further defined
as a temporary framework for other construction purposes.

 Staging – is a more substantial framework progressively

built up as tall building rise up. The term staging is
applied as it is built up in stages from one storey to the
next floor.

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 Record shows that accidents in building
construction were caused by faulty construction
or insufficient supports in scaffolding and
staging.
 One tragic incident that happened very recently
was the construction of the film palace in
manila where several lives including the
supervising Engineer were buried in cement and
rubbles when the forms and scaffolding swayed
and collapsed totally.

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 Scaffolding and staging is not as simple as one
may think of it. It requires trained and
experience men to do the work. The construction
of large structures should be managed by
knowledgeable person with special training and
exposure in the field of construction.

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 The used of poor quality lumber

 Inadequate support and braces

 Inadequate nails and other materials for economy

sake

 Inexperienced workers

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 Poor quality lumber like those with knots,
cracks, heartwood and other defects
should not be in scaffolding or staging if
the builder is aware of the value of life
and property which are involved in
building construction.
 The full utilization of the wood used in
scaffolding and staging could be attained
with the aid of circular saw and table
planer.

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1. Vertical support
2. Based support
3. Horizontal braces
4. Block or wedge support
5. Diagonal support or braces

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 Concrete forms cannot stand without the
support of scaffolding or staging .
therefore, is the principal support of forms
in resting bulging failure.

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 Staging for concrete beam is an extension of the
column support as shown in fig. the p purpose
of the columns. On the other hand , staging for
beam includes the support of The weight of the
concrete and to resist the horizontal pressure
of concrete against the side of the forms.

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 are flanked by a series of vertical support spaced
at a proportional distances between columns.
Staging members should be arrange so that all
vertical and horizontal members are in line with
each other both directions.

 This will Facilitate the movement of the

workers, the transfer or materials and tools
including the ease of checking the vertical and
horizontal position of the structure and the
rigidity of the framework.

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 There are no exact rules concerning the length of time the
forms should remain in place.

 Obviously they should be removed until the concrete is

strong enough to support its own weight in addition to any
loads that may be placed on it. Also, too early removal of
forms introduces the possibility of excessive deflections.

 Sometimes, the side forms of beams are removed before the

bottom forms. When this is done, post or shoring are placed
under the bottoms of the members to give additional
support.

 This is called reposting or re-shoring.

 The minimum period words during which forms Must remain

in place stripping is usually governed by the local
building code.

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 Crazing
 Scaling
 Dusting

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 ELEMENTS OF FORMWORKS:

1. Sheathing
2. Studs
3. Walls
4. Braces and Support
5.Ties and or Spreaders

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 this gives the surface its
shape and texture. It
keeps the concrete in
place until it hardens . it
is usually made of
plywood

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 this is the part which
supports the sheathing
and prevent bowing.
this is usually made of
a 2”x 3” (50 mm x 75
mm ) lumber

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 these are used to
align the ties and
support the studs .
this from a 2” x
3” ( 5 0 mm x 75
mm) lumber

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 these provide lateral
support against
wind and other
forces. One type of
brace which is easy
to use is the
turnbuckle, as
shown.

Note :
The angle required is
3-4–5

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 these prevent the sides
of the form from
spreading or moving
together , ties remain in
the concrete and
become a permanent
part of the structure.
They are usually of
galvanized iron
 ( G.I ) wire . A spreader is
a piece of wood nail
across the width of the
form to prevent it from
closing in before the
concrete is poured . it is
removed when it is
about to be covered
with

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Cut the lumber according to the given dimension on the plan,
as shown:
Notes:
Always check by using a try – square to make a 90 angle
from the end/edge of the lumber ,as shown.

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