ICCS 20 - Modelagem - Pedro

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SPOT

WELDING ADHESIVES
JOINTS
Souza, Juliana P. B.(*)1; Aguiar, Ricardo A. A. 1; de Melo Filho,

Alberto R. V. 3; Costa, Hector R. M. 1; Reis, João M. L. 2; Pacheco,
Pedro Manuel C. L. 1
1
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca -CEFET –
RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2Laboratoryof Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering
Graduate Program(PGMEC), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói-
RJ, Brazil
3
Centro SENAI - CIMATEC– BA, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 - Piatã, Salvador -
BA, Brazil
(*)Email :juliana.souza@cefet-rj.br
Introduction
Hybrid joints can be obtained by the use of two or more
techniques to attach two materials.
Adhesive bonding advantages:

• simplified process;
• favorable fatigue properties;
• ability to join dissimilar metals;
• high bonding properties for metal joints.
However, some adhesive joints presented adverse behavior

in different temperatures, become brittle at low
temperatures and have a low strength at high
temperatures.
Introduction
To increase the application of adhesive bonding, many

researchers have developed special hybrid welding
technologies to improve bonding properties.
Hybrid Joints Advantages:

• significant increase of static strength;
• fatigue strength improvement;
• better energy absorption;
• increase of the corrosion resistance.
Introduction
Objective: compare the mechanical response of weld

bonding joints to the effectiveness of classical weld joints
and bonded joints
Materials Properties
Adhesive mechanical properties
Property Syntho-Subsea™LV Epoxy
Flexural strength (MPa) 31.4
Tensile strength (MPa) 41
Compressive strength (MPa) 50.9
Flexural Modulus(MPa) 980
Shear strength (MPa) 12.3
Abrasion Resistance 34mg/1000cy
IF steel with titaniun coating and 0.75mm thickness

Chemical composition of the investigated IF steel (in weight percentage).
Steel C Mn P S Si Al Ti Nb N
IF 0.0026 0.11 0.11 0.008 0.007 0.038 0.038 0.002 0.004
Mechanical properties of IF steel

Yield strength Ultimate tensile Elongation Hardeness Roughness
(MPa) stress (MPa) (%) (HRB) (µm)
182 296 43 37 0,8 - 0,7
SLJ Joints fabrication
• ASTM D 1002
• Previous blasting of the bonded area with G40 steel grit.
• Adhesive mixture according to the manufacturer.

Welded and Hybrid Joints fabrication
Welding Parameters:
• Equipment: ULTRASOLDA stationary spot welding machine.

• Electrode caps: type 2 (RWMA 2.18200).
• Force between electrodes: 2300N.
• Frequency: 13cy.
• Intensity: 53%
• Electric current range: 8,31 kA a 8,44 kA.
Experimental Setup
Tensile-Shear test:
• Equipment: INSTRON mechanical testing

machine.
• Load cell: 250KN.
• Crosshead speed; 1.3mm/min.
•ASTM D 1002.
• Eight tests for each kind of joint was performed.
Results
SLJ results:
3500
3000
2500
2000
CP A1.1
F ( N)
CP A1.2
1500 CP A1.3
CP A2.1
1000 CP A2.2
CP A2.4
500
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
u (mm)
Results
Spot-welding results:
3500
3000
2500
2000
F (N)
1500 CP W2
CP W3
CP W4
1000
CP W7
CP W8
500 CP W9
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
u (mm)
Results
Hybrid Joints results:
3500
3000
2500
2000
F ( N)
1500
CP H1.1
1000 CP H1.2
CP H2.1
CP H2.2
500 CP H2.3
CP H2.4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
u (mm)
Numerical Model
Finite Element Method  ANSYS
Geometric Nonlinearities: Large Displacements and Contact
IF STEEL:
- Elastoplastic Model: Bilinear Kinematic
- Element: SOLID186 (3-D 20-Node Structural Solid)
ADHESIVE:
− Interface Model: Cohesive Zone Material
− Elements: TARGE170 and CONTA174 (contact/bonding elements)
Numerical Model – Mesh and boundary conditions
Numerical Results – Spot Welding Joint
3500
3000
2500
2000
F (N)
1500
1000 Experimental Data

Spot Welding
500 Numerical Simulation

Spot Welding
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
u (mm)
Numerical Results – Hybrid Joint
3500
3000
2500
2000
F (N)
1500
1000 Experimental Data

Hybrid
500 Numerical Simulation
Hybrid
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
u (mm)
Conclusion
• The results indicate that exist an improvement in the shear strength
with the use of hybrid joints, although the degradation and crack of the
adhesive and possible contamination of the nugget.
• It was observed that the adhesive works like a electric barrier, for the
next steps, the use of metallic nanoparticles will be added to the
adhesive to improve electric conduction.
• The results shows that the model is capable of capturing the main
effects observed during the test .
Acknowledgments
References
[1] Costa, H. R. M.; Reis, J. M. L.; Souza, J. P. B.; Pacheco, P. M. C. L.;
Aguiar, R. A. A.; De Barros, S.; Composite Structures 133 (2015) 847-
852.
[2] Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Lu, F.; Carlson, B. E.; Sigler, D. R.;
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (2015) 1061–1072.
[3] Hou, Z.; Kim, I.; Wang, Y.; Li, C.; Chen, C.; International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 89 (2015) 1061–1072.
References
[4] Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Lu, F.; Carlson, B. E.; Sigler, D. R.;
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 101 (2016) 749–763.
[5] Eisazadeh, H.; Hamedi, M.; Halvaee, A.; Materials and Design 31
(2010) 149–157.
[6] Feulvarch, E.; Robin, V.; Bergheau, J. M.; Journal of Materials

Processing Technology 153–154 (2004) 436–441.
Thank you for your attention

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NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SPOT

Souza, Juliana P. B.(*)1; Aguiar, Ricardo A. A. 1; de Melo Filho,

Adhesive bonding advantages:

However, some adhesive joints presented adverse behavior

To increase the application of adhesive bonding, many

Hybrid Joints Advantages:

Objective: compare the mechanical response of weld

IF steel with titaniun coating and 0.75mm thickness

Mechanical properties of IF steel

• Previous blasting of the bonded area with G40 steel grit.

• Adhesive mixture according to the manufacturer.

• Equipment: ULTRASOLDA stationary spot welding machine.

• Equipment: INSTRON mechanical testing

Finite Element Method  ANSYS

Geometric Nonlinearities: Large Displacements and Contact

1000 Experimental Data

500 Numerical Simulation

1000 Experimental Data

[6] Feulvarch, E.; Robin, V.; Bergheau, J. M.; Journal of Materials

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