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    Fracture and DBT

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    Sam
    The document discusses the ductile to brittle transition that occurs in some metals as temperature decreases. It describes how the Charpy impact test is used to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by applying a high strain rate to a notched sample and measuring the absorbed energy. The test results are used to specify minimum toughness requirements and to compare materials. FCC metals do not exhibit a ductile to brittle transition, while BCC steels and some other metals do, with the transition temperature increasing as carbon content increases in steels.

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    Fracture and DBT

    Uploaded by

    Sam
    100 views16 pages
    The document discusses the ductile to brittle transition that occurs in some metals as temperature decreases. It describes how the Charpy impact test is used to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by applying a high strain rate to a notched sample and measuring the absorbed energy. The test results are used to specify minimum toughness requirements and to compare materials. FCC metals do not exhibit a ductile to brittle transition, while BCC steels and some other metals do, with the transition temperature increasing as carbon content increases in steels.

    Original Description:

    Materials 278 lecture notes

    Original Title

    17. Fracture and DBT

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    The document discusses the ductile to brittle transition that occurs in some metals as temperature decreases. It describes how the Charpy impact test is used to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by applying a high strain rate to a notched sample and measuring the absorbed energy. The test results are used to specify minimum toughness requirements and to compare materials. FCC metals do not exhibit a ductile to brittle transition, while BCC steels and some other metals do, with the transition temperature increasing as carbon content increases in steels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    100 views16 pages

    Fracture and DBT

    Uploaded by

    Sam
    The document discusses the ductile to brittle transition that occurs in some metals as temperature decreases. It describes how the Charpy impact test is used to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by applying a high strain rate to a notched sample and measuring the absorbed energy. The test results are used to specify minimum toughness requirements and to compare materials. FCC metals do not exhibit a ductile to brittle transition, while BCC steels and some other metals do, with the transition temperature increasing as carbon content increases in steels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    17.

    Fracture and the Ductile to


    Brittle Transition Temperature

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 1


    Learning objectives
    • Explain what the Ductile Brittle Transition is
    • Describe how a Charpy test is performed

    2
    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 2
    Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT)
    • A drastic reduction in ductility can be observed as
    temperature is decreased
    • A transition from ductile to brittle fracture is seen
    in
    – BCC Steels (most important as they are widely used,
    not observed in austentic (FCC) stainless steels)
    – Some HCP and other BCC metals
    – Ceramics
    – Many polymers
    • FCC metals do not show a DBT
    – e.g. Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Austentic Stainless

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 3


    • Decreasing temperature...
    -decreases %EL and Kc

    • Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)...

    FCC metals (e.g., Cu, Ni, Al)


    Impact Energy

    BCC metals
    polymers
    Brittle More Ductile

    High strength materials (s y > E/150)

    Adapted from Fig. 8.15,


    Callister 7e.
    Temperature
    Ductile-to-brittle
    transition temperature

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 4


    Ductile-Brittle Transition (DBT)
    • Steel tensile tests
    – Over a range of temperatures (-100 to 100 C) at a strain rate of 10-3 s-1

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 5


    DBT cont.
    • Redo tests at a higher strain rate of say 1 s-1

    Range of brittle
    behaviour moves
    10-3 s-1 1 s-1 to higher
    temperature with
    increasing strain
    rate

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 6


    DBT cont.

    Schematic showing the impact of strain rate on notch


    toughness

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 7


    Ductile Brittle Transition Temperature
    (DBTT)
    • Tensile tests are difficult to do at high strain rates and
    over a range of temperatures
    • We want a high strain rate test in order to know how a
    material might behave under the worst type of service
    conditions (impact loading)
    • Therefore use an impact test
    – Izod impact test
    – Charpy impact test
    – …

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 8


    Charpy Impact Test Read off scale

    ENERGY
    ABSORBED

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 9


    Charpy Impact Test
    • Charpy Impact test measures the energy to fracture a
    standard size specimen (10 x 10 x 55 mm with a 2 mm
    notch).
    • The specimen is notched to simulate the worst case for
    service condition.
    – Notched, impact, and low temperature!
    • Test measures “Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness”
    • Remember that the test does not measure the fracture
    toughness (eg Kc).
    • Fracture toughness tests are comparatively very difficult
    and expensive to perform, especially at high strain rates
    and over a range of temperatures.

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 10


    Fracture Surface Appearance
    • Brittle region is shiny (cleavage fracture)
    • Ductile region is gray (fibrous, also known as shear
    fracture)
    • As well as energy absorption, one can characterize the
    fracture surface by the % shear fracture
    • eg A36 steel:
    Temp

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 11


    A283 Steel
    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 12
    Effect of %C on DBTT

    Schematic
    DBT Upper Shelf E

    sy
    DBTT

    %C

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 13


    Specification of Transition Temperature
    and Design
    • Rule of Thumb
    – minimum allowable notch toughness is usually 20-30 J at the lowest
    operating temperature.
    • CVN number cannot be used to calculate a “safe stress” in design
    calculations (unlike sy or KIc). Useful for specification of minimum
    CVN energy, quality control and comparison of similar materials
    • No ductile brittle transition for many metals
    – E.g. no DBT for FCC (Al alloys, Cu alloys, Ni and austentic stainless steels),
    but there is DBT for BCC, HCP alloys e.g. steels
    • For steels as carbon concentration increases:
    – yield stress increases
    – DBTT at higher temperature
    – Shelf energy decreases (fracture energy above DBTT)

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 14


    Learning objectives
    • Explain what the Ductile Brittle Transition is
    • Describe how a Charpy test is performed

    15
    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 15
    Problem 8.16

    8.16 A fatigue test was conducted in which the mean stress was 70 MPa (10,000 psi), and the stress amplitude was
    210 MPa (30,000 psi).
    (a) Compute the maximum and minimum stress levels.
    (b) Compute the stress ratio.
    (c) Compute the magnitude of the stress range

    APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip 16

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