CMC Unit-I
CMC Unit-I
CMC Unit-I
Introduction to Cellular
Mobile Radio Systems
Limitations of Conventional Mobile
Telephone Systems
A Mobile Unit
A Cell Site
A Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
Connections
A Basic Cellular System
BASE STATION
Downlink(DL)
Uplink(UL)
Transmission between Mobile phones and the base station is the base
Station supply area called CELL
Any Collective group of users in a wireless system are called= Users or
Mobiles
Contd….
• Mobile units. A mobile telephone unit contains a control unit, a
transceiver, and an antenna system.
• Cell site. The cell site provides interface between the MTSO and the
mobile units. It has a control unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power
plant, and data terminals.
• MTSO. The switching office, the central coordinating element for all
cell sites, contains the cellular processor and cellular switch. It
interfaces with telephone company zone offices, controls call
processing, and handles billing activities.
• Connections. The radio and high-speed data links connect the three
subsystems. Each mobile unit can only use one channel at a time for its
communication link. But the channel is not fixed; it can be any one in
the entire band assigned by the serving area, with each site having
multichannel capabilities that can connect simultaneously to many
mobile units.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
DEVELOPEMENT
Analog Systems and Digital systems
• AMPS-1977-Analog system-USA
• NTT-1979-Analog system-Japan
• TACS-1984-UK
• GSM-1992-European system-Germany
• NA-TDMA-1993-USA
• CDMA-1995-USA
• PDC -1994-Japan
Uniqueness of Mobile Radio Environment
• Description of mobile radio transmission medium
Propagation attenuation
• Model of transmission medium
• Factors influencing short term fading
• Parameters of mobile multipath fading
Time dispersion parameters
Coherence bandwidth
Doppler spread
Coherence time
• Types of small scale fading
Description of mobile radio transmission medium
k
a 2
k
P( ) k
k
2 ( 2 )
• where
k k
a 2 2
k k
P ( ) 2
2 k
k
k
a 2
k
P(
k
k )
– outdoor channel ~ on the order of microseconds
– indoor channel ~ on the order of nanoseconds
Parameters of mobile multipath fading
• Coherence bandwidth
While Delay Spread is a natural phenomenon, the
Coherence Bandwidth is a defined relation
It is a statistical measure of the range of frequencies over which the
channel can be considered “flat”
RMS Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth are inversely
proportional to one another
• If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which
the frequency correlation function is above 0.9, then the coherent
bandwidth is approximately
1
Bc
50
• If the frequency correlation function is above 0.5
1
Bc
5
Parameters of mobile multipath fading
• Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
signal spectrum S ( f )
channel response
f
BC
f
Contd…
• Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of the transmitted
symbols within the channel.
– Induces intersymbol interference
• Frequency selective fading channels are much more difficult to model
than flat fading channels.
• Statistic impulse response model
– 2-ray Rayleigh fading model
– computer generated
– measured impulse response
• For frequency selective fading
BS BC
and
TS
Fading Effects Due to Doppler Spread
• Fast Fading: The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the
symbol duration.
– The coherent time of the channel is smaller then the symbol period of the
transmitted signal.
– Cause frequency dispersion due to Doppler spreading.
• A signal undergoes fast fading if
TS TC
and
BS BD
Contd…
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