Unit 5

Data Communication & Physical Layer

M. H. Belsare
 CONTENTS

• Data Communication
• Networks and Network Models
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Protocol Suit
• Addressing
• Guided and Unguided Transmission Media

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 Data Communication System Components

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 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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 Point-to-Point Line Configuration

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 Multipoint Line Configuration

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 Topology is a way in which network is laid out physically

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 Mesh Topology

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 Star Topology

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 Tree Topology

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 Bus Topology

Main cable is backbone of communication. Signal becomes

weaker as it travels the link.
 Ring Topology

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 Hybrid Topology

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Self Study : Comparison of topologies
based on their structure , advantages and
drawbacks
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 Local Area Network

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 Local Area Network

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 Metropolitan Area Network

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Figure 2-18
Wide Area Network

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Figure 2-19
Internetwork
(Internet)

When two or more networks are connected to each other, it is

called inernetwork.
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 Protocols
Set of rules that governs data communication.

Key Elements:

1. Syntax : Format of data

2. Semantics: Meaning of each section of bits
3. Timing: When and How fast data is to be sent
 Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies
and service providers about kind of interconnectivity required.

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 ISO standard and OSI model

•An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network

communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model.
•First introduced in late 1970s.
•The purpose is to facilitate communication between
different systems without changing underlying
hardware and software.
 OSI Model

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 OSI Layers

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 An Exchange Using the OSI Model

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 Physical Layer

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 Data Link Layer

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Figure 3-6

Data Link Layer Example

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 Network Layer

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 Network Layer Example

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 Network Layer Example

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 Transport Layer

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 Transport Layer Example

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 Transport Layer Example

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 Session Layer

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 Presentation Layer

Translation, Encryption, Compression

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 Application Layer

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Application layer supports services like

•E mail
•Network Virtual Terminal: Software version of
physical terminal
•FTAM: File Transfer And Management : Allows user
to access remote host
•X500 : Directory services: Access to global
information about various objects and services
 Summary of Layer Functions

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OSI model is generic, protocol independent reference
model.

TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model based on

standard protocols around which internet has
developed.
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

•The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not

exactly match those in the OSI model.
•The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as
having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application.
•However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we
can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of
five layers: physical, data link, network, transport,
and application.
TCP/IP and OSI model
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol)
1. OSI is a generic, protocol 1. TCP/IP model is based on standard
independent standard, acting as a protocols around which the Internet
communication gateway between the has developed. It is a communication
network and end user. protocol, which allows connection of
hosts over a network.

2. In OSI model the transport layer 2. In TCP/IP model the transport

guarantees the delivery of packets. layer does not guarantees delivery of
packets. Still the TCP/IP model is
more reliable.
3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.
4. OSI model has a separate 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate
Presentation layer and Session layer. Presentation layer or Session layer.
OSI(Open System Interconnection) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)

5. OSI is a reference model around which 5. TCP/IP model is, in a way

the networks are built. Generally it is used implementation of the OSI model.
as a guidance tool.

6. Network layer of OSI model provides 6. The Network layer in TCP/IP model
both connection oriented and provides connectionless service.
connectionless service.
7. OSI model has a problem of fitting the 7. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
protocols into the model.

8. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and 8. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
are easily replaced as the technology
changes.
9. OSI model defines services, interfaces 9. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and
and protocols very clearly and makes clear protocols are not clearly separated. It is
distinction between them. It is protocol also protocol dependent.
independent.
 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Addresses in TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
 Example 2.1

In Figure shown,a node with physical address 10

sends a frame to a node with physical address 87.
The two nodes are connected by a link (bus
topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer
with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Physical addresses
 Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

 Example 2.3
•Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs.
•Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses
(logical and physical) for each connection.
•In this case, each computer is connected to only one link
and therefore has only one pair of addresses.
•Each router, however, is connected to three networks
(only two are shown in the figure). So each router has
three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
Figure 2.20 IP addresses
 Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three processes
at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer
needs to communicate with process j in the receiving
computer. Note that although physical addresses change
from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the
same from the source to destination.
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
 Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one

decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.
 Network Layer Protocols: IP

• Data packets : Datagrams

• Travel diff. routes and arrive out of
sequence.
•Unreliable Connectionless protocol
•No error checking or tracking, no
guarantee
•Best Effort Delivery Service
 Network Layer Protocols:

• ARP: Address Resolution Protocol: Associate

logical address with physical address
• RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol:
allows host to discover its internet address when it
knows only its physical address
• ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol: For
notification of datagram problems
• IGMP: Internet Group Message Protocol:
facilitates simultaneous transmission to group
Guided and Unguided Transmission Media
Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media
 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable
Figure 7.4 UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP(shielded twisted pair) cables

Metal shielding improves quality by preventing noise and

crosstalk but it is bulkier and costlier
Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
Figure 7.5 UTP connector RJ 45 (Registered Jack)

Keyed Connector: can be inserted only in way

Figure 7.6 UTP performance
Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable
Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables
Figure 7.8 BNC connectors
Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance
Fiber Optic Cable: Bending of light ray
Figure 7.11 Optical fiber
Figure 7.12 Propagation modes
Figure 7.13 Modes
Multiple beams Diff
paths: Index constant
core to edge, Abrupt
change at core, cladding
interface.

Highly focused
beam of light,
smaller diameter,
lower density
Table 7.3 Fiber types
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors
Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance
 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves
without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
Figure 7.18 Propagation methods
Table 7.4 Bands
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems. They can
penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional
antennas
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antenna
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such

as cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-range

communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation.
 Wireless Channels

• Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media

channels.
• Interference is one cause for errors, can be
circumvented with high SNR.
• The higher the SNR the less capacity is available
for transmission due to the broadcast nature of the
channel.
• Channel also subject to fading and no coverage
holes.
Data Communication & Physical Layer (7L)

Data Communications – Networks - T2 Chapter 1, 2

Networks models – OSI model – and 7
Layers in OSI model – TCP / IP
protocol suite – Addressing – Guided
and Unguided Transmission media