Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)

B.E. (E&TC) Sem. - I Academic Year-2018-19

PVG's College of Engineering and Technology, Pune-411009

Accredited by NAAC with Grade “A”

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering
_________________________________________________________________________

Assignment 11: Standing Wave Patterns for Various Terminating

Impedances (Matched, Open and Short)

Name: Class: B.E. Division: I / II

Roll No: Date of Submission:
Marks Obtained: / 10 Signature of subject teacher:
_________________________________________________________________________

Aim: To plot standing wave pattern and measure SWR for various terminating impedances
(matched, open and short) using slotted section with probe carriage.

Objectives:

1. To measure and plot standing wave patterns on rectangular slotted section waveguide with
terminations such as matched, open and short,
2. To evaluate and analyze SWRs on load-side for various terminating impedances such as
matched, open and short.

Mapped Outcome:

C403.5 Apply microwave measurement techniques to evaluate important performance

parameters of microwave system

List of Equipments / Components

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Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)
B.E. (E&TC) Sem. - I Academic Year-2018-19

Fig 11.1 Experimental setup to measure standing wave patterns

Theory:

A transmission line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at the sending end to
a load at the receiving end as shown in Fig.11.2.

Fig. 11.2 Transmission line a two port network

Common Types of Transmission Lines

There are two types of transmission lines 1. Supporting TEM waves e.g. all two wire lines
and 2. Supporting TE and TM waves or non TEM waves eg. all single conductor lines like
waveguides. Various TEM and non-TEM transmission lines are shown in Fig. 11.3

Fig. 11.3 Various types of TEM and non-TEM transmission lines

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Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)
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Standing Waves

If a transmission lines is terminated in an impedance not equal to its characteristic

impedance, the termination is said to be ‘not matched’ to the line. Waves traveling down the
line are partially or wholly reflected from the termination. Total reflection occurs when the
terminal impedance is not dissipative, i.e. a short, open or reactive termination. Standing
waves are the result of two wave trains of equal wavelength incident and reflected along the
line in opposite directions.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line or waveguide may be
considered as the sum of two traveling waves: the ‘incident wave’ propagates from generator
and the ‘reflected wave’ propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The
magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting
impedance. The presence of two traveling waves gives rise to standing wave along the line.
The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where
they are in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (or maximum) is
half the guided wave-length on the line.
The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection
coefficient.
The VSWR is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along
the line. Hence, VSWR is

SWR = Emax / Emin = (Ei + Er) / (Ei - Er)

Where |Ei| and |Er| are respectively the amplitudes of the incident and reflected electric field
strengths. Standing wave ratio is frequently expressed in decibels, VSWR (dB) = 20 log10(S).
Further, the ratio of the reflected to the incident electric field intensities is defined as
reflection coefficient, i.e.
ГL= Er / Ei = (ZL - ZO) / (ZL + ZO)

Return loss= -20*log(Г)

Where ZL is the load impedance and Z0 is the characteristic impedance. Hence, VSWR can be
expressed in terms of reflection coefficient as follows:

S = 1+ ГL / 1 - ГL

When EMAX=EMIN, i.e., there is no reflection [Er=0], the resulting VSWR=1.00, this is the
requirement of a ‘matched circuit’. In other words, under given ideal conditions, the VSWR
of a matched load is 1.00. Under extreme mismatch conditions, EMIN = 0 i.e. total reflection,
[Er= Ei], the resulting VSWR = infinity. However, in most of the cases, VSWR is greater
than 1.00. It is not rare to obtain VSWR as low as 1.02 in well-designed set-up having
matched components. Various terminations and their Г and SWR are shown in table 11.1
below,

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Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)
B.E. (E&TC) Sem. - I Academic Year-2018-19

Table 11. 1 Terminations of Tx-line and their Г and SWR

Reflection Coeff.
Type of line termination SWR Standing Waves
ГL
Matched (ZL = Zg ) 0 1 Not generated
Short (ZL =0) -1 ∞ Generated
Open (ZL = ∞) 1 ∞ Generated

Fig.11.4 Standing wave patterns for various terminations of a transmission line

The standing wave patterns under various terminations are shown in Fig.11.4. When the
impedance of the load is not equal to that of the waveguide, an impedance mismatch occurs.
In this case, not all the received energy is absorbed by the load. Instead, part of this energy is
reflected back toward the source. Figure shows the waves traveling along a waveguide when
the load end is in the short-circuit condition. The incident wave is completely reflected at the
load end. The reflected and incident waves travel through each other, but in opposite
directions, thereby combining vertically. This results in the creation of a standing wave along
the waveguide.

From figure 11.4 we can observe that,

• Minima invariably occurs at the load end of the waveguide.

• Minima also occur at every even multiple of λg /4 from the load end (λg being the
wavelength of the propagating wave in the waveguide).
• Maxima occur at every odd multiple of λg /4 from the load end.

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Procedure:

1. Arrange the experimental setup as shown in fig. 10.1

2. Turn on the RF source and measure the frequency without slotted waveguide using
frequency meter and determine free space wavelength
3. Now measure and note the positions of all the minimas and maximas and between them
from load towards the generator for a slotted waveguide terminated by open or short or
matched termination using tunable probe detector and CRO/DSO/DMM.
4. Plot all the readings of detected voltage against distance on graph as standing wave
pattern.
5. Calculate the VSWR = Vmax avg./Vmin avg. *Average out all the maximas and
minimas.
6. Determine load side reflection coefficient and impedance offered by the termination
using theory.

Observation Table:

Beam voltage = 230 V Gunn bias voltage =

Beam Current = 0.011 mA Gunn current =
Repeller voltage = -72 V OR Free Space Resonant frequency using
Free Space Resonant frequency using DRO frequency meter =
DRO frequency meter

Termination - Open
Detected Voltage
Distance from the Detected Voltage on Distance from the
on the slotted
load (cm) the slotted waveguide load (cm)
waveguide
1st maxima

3rd maxima

1st minima

3rd minima

2nd maxima

4th maxima

2nd minima

4th minima

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Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)
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Termination - Short
Detected Voltage on
Distance from the Detected Voltage on Distance from the
the slotted
load (cm) the slotted waveguide load (cm)
waveguide
1st minima 3rd maxima

1st maxima 3rd minima

2nd maxima 4th maxima

2nd minima 4th minima

Termination - Matched
Detected Voltage on
Distance from the Detected Voltage on Distance from the
the slotted
load (cm) the slotted waveguide load (cm)
waveguide

Calculation:

Graph: Detected voltage against distance away from load

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Results:

Type of line termination Reflection Coeff. ГL SWR ZL Return Loss

Matched (ZL = Zg )
Short (ZL =0)
Open (ZL = ∞)

Conclusions:
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Remarks by Subject teacher about correctness and improvements:

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Acknowledgement: My sincere thanks to

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Reference:

Text Books Author Title of Book Publication

Annapurna Das and Sisir K. Microwave Engineering Second edition, Tata
T1
Das McGraw Hill
Microwave Devices and
T2 Samuel Y. Liao Circuits, 3rd edition, Pearson
Pearson
Reference
Author Title of Book Publication
Books
Microwave Engineering :
R1 Ahmad Shahid Khan Concepts and CRC Press
Fundamentals
Microwave and Radar
R2 M. Kulkarni Umesh Publications
engineering, 3rd edition
R3 ML Sisodia & GS Microwave Circuits and Wiley

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Radiation and Microwave Theory (RMT) (404183)
B.E. (E&TC) Sem. - I Academic Year-2018-19

Raghuvamshi Passive Devices

Basic Microwave
M L Sisodia & G S New Age Int. (P) Ltd,
R4 Techniques and
Raghuvanshi Publishers
Laboratory Manual

Important Notes:

Note1. Attach all the comparative simulation results.

Note2. Print all the comparative results back to back on every page. Save pages to save
trees.
Note3. Printing on single side will reduce the marks.
Note4. Plagiarism of any form is strictly prohibited and attract towards reduction in marks
Note5. Submit the assignments well in time i.e. within four days of performing the
experiment to get maximum marks.

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