Welding: Basic Joints and Welds

PowerPoint to accompany
Welding
Principles and Practices
4th edition
Edward R. Bohnart
Basic Joints
and Welds
Chapter 4
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2
Objectives
1. Describe five basic joints and the welds applied
to each.
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e
2. Measure fillet and groove weld sizes.

3. Determine position of welding for groove and
fillet welds on plate and pipe.
4. List factors that will affect strength of a welded
joint.
5. Describe difference between a weld
discontinuity and a weld defect.
6. Describe visual inspection and its limitations
and advantages.

3
Five Types of Joints
• Butt joint In Chapter 28, the most

• Corner joint common joints will be

described in terms of their
• Edge joint use, advantages and
disadvantages, joint
• Lap joint
preparation, and economy.
• T-joint

4
Four Weld Types
• Bead (surface) weld
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Fillet weld
• Groove weld
• Plug or Slot weld

5
Bead Welds
• Also called surface welds
• Single-pass deposits of weld metal
• Used to build up pad of metal and to

replace metal on worn surfaces

6
Fillet Welds
• Consist of one or more beads deposited in
right angle formed by two plates
• Take right triangular cross section due to

location placed in weld joint
• Used for lap joints, T-joints,
and open corner joints
• Weld symbol takes same
right triangle shape as weld

7
Fillet Weld
• Important aspect
is its profile
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-24, Fig. 4.22, 2000.

8
Groove Welds
• Consist of one or more beads deposited in
groove
• Used for butt joints

– Unprepared with square
edges
– Prepared with bevel or J-groove
• If both members prepared same, take shape of
V or U and named V-groove or U-groove butt joint
• Weld applicable on both plate and pipe

9
Groove Welds
American Welding Society

10
Plug Welds
• Similar to slot welds
• Used for filling slotted or circular
holes in lap joints

– Fillet weld may be made
around faying surface of joint
if hole large
• May or may not completely fill joint
– Hole or slot may be open at one end

11
Examples
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed.,

pp. 4-20 and 4-21, Figs. 4.16d and 4.17a,b, 2000.

12
Weld Size and Strength
• Design engineer determines load-carrying

capacity of welded joint
• Specified on drawing
– Use welding symbols
– Symbols covered in Chapter 30

13
Groove Welds
• Measured and sized by depth of
penetration/fusion into joint
– Size does not include reinforcement on face

or root of weld
• Generally referred to as partial joint
penetration (PJP) welds or complete joint
penetration (CJP)
– No size reference, then considered to be CJP
– PJP weld designated on welding symbol

14
CJP V-groove Butt Joint
Complete
joint
penetration
groove welds
used where
the maximum
load-carrying
capacity is
required
for the joint.
Note that the reinforcement on the face
and/or root does not count as part of weld size.

15
Groove Weld Fusion Terms
The weld interface is the line between the weld and the HAZ.

16
Seal Welds
• Continuous welds running entire length of
riveted joints’ seal
• Usually single-pass welds deposited along

root of joint
• Not expected to carry
heavy load
• Intended primarily
to provide leak tightness

17
Groove Weld
18
Groove Welds
• Proper reinforcement should not exceed 1/8 in.
• Width of groove weld should not be more than
1/4 inch greater than width of groove face

– Allows for maximum amount of fusion beyond
groove face of 1/8 in on each side of joint

Reinforcement for Groove 19
Welds
Excessive reinforcement
above allowable limit

waste of time and weld
material and also
decreases working
strength of joint because
of concentration of
stresses at toe of the
weld.

20
Groove Weld
• Metal deposited beyond groove face waste
of time and filler metal
– Adds to overall heat input

– Increases resultant residual stresses
– Adds cost to joint
– Decreases strength
• CJP welds designed to possess maximum
physical characteristics of base metal
– Minimum size called for on welding symbol
must be made to fit intended purpose

Partial Joint Penetration 21
V-groove Weld Butt Joint
American Welding Society,

Welding Inspection Technology,
4th ed., p. 4-25, Fig. 4.24, 2000.
It would only be considered incomplete joint penetration

if CJP groove was called for.

22
Fillet Welds
• Most common weld used in industry
• As strong or stronger than base metal if weld
correct size and proper welding techniques used

• Contour is shape of face of weld
– Flat
– Convex
– Concave

23
Convex Fillet Weld
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology,

4th ed., p. 4-26, Fig. 4.27, 2000.

24
Excessive Convexity
• Should be avoided
• Increases cost
• Wastes filler metal

• Concentrates more stresses at toes of
weld
• Based on width of weld face
– Only slight amount of convexity if specified to
be convex

Maximum Convexity 25
Allowable on Fillet Welds

Width of weld face of total maximum

joint or weld bead (in) convexity(in)
less than or equal to 5/16 1/16
greater than 5/16 1/8
greater than or equal to 1 3/16
Table 4-1 from Text

26
Concave Fillet Weld
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology,

4th ed., p. 4-26, Fig. 4.27, 2000.

27
Concave Fillet Weld

• Size and leg two different dimensions
– Leg is dimension from weld toe to start of
joint root
– Size is measured as largest right triangle
inscribed within weld profile
• Special fillet weld gauge used to measure
• Stress concentrations improved over other
types
– Better endurance limit under fatigue loading

28
Ideal Fillet Weld Shape
29
Type of Fillet Profile to Use

• All three types widely used
• Design engineer specifies on the weld
symbol
• Determined by:
– Position of welding
– Process
– Type of consumables (gas, electrode)
– Type of joint
– Job requirements

Measuring Fillet Welds by 30
Throat Size (Three Methods)

1. Theoretical throat
– Extends from point where the two base metal
members join to the face of the largest right

triangle that can be inscribed in the weld
– Convexity on convex fillet weld and concavity
on concave fillet weld need not be
considered
– Penetration not figured into this throat size


2. Effective throat
– Measured from depth of joint root penetration
– No credit given for convexity

– On convex and concave fillet welds,
measured to face of largest right triangle that
can be drawn in weld


3. Actual throat
– Same as effective throat on concave fillet
weld
– Can be used to indicate size and strength

33
Correct Weld
34
Over Welded
35
Under Welded
Remember: A weld or weld joint is no

stronger than its weakest point.

Joining Metals of Different 36
Thicknesses
Rule: Size of the

fillet weld leg
should equal
the thickness of
metal being
welded.

Equal Leg 1/2 inch Fillet 37
Weld
Wasted weld metal, time,
and extra heat input.
Weakest point will be at

the toes of weld on the
1/4 inch plate.

Equal Leg 1/4 inch Fillet 38
Weld
Less time, less weld metal,
less heat input = better weld
Just as strong as two

prior examples

39
Weld Length
• Fillet and groove welds usually made along
full length of joint
– Sometimes full strength can be achieved by

welding a portion of joint
• Effective length of fillet weld measured as
overall length of full-size fillet weld
– Start and stop of weld must be allowed for
• Not square, so allowance made when measuring
• Space between welds determined by center-
to-center distance of weld which is called
pitch
40
Weld Area and Stress

• Easily calculated
• Important to determine how much stress
joint can take

area = weld length × weld size
load
stress 
weld area
Safety margins are built in to ensure
the weld is able to withstand the load.

41
Continuous Welds
• Extend across entire length of joint from
one end to the other
• For structures to develop maximum

strength and
tightness, need
to weld all seams
completely

42
Intermittent Welds
• Series of short welds spaced at intervals
• Cannot be used where maximum strength
required or work must be watertight or

airtight
• Cost reduced
• Frequency, length, and size depend upon
thickness of plates, type of joint, method of
welding, and job service requirements
• Usually employed in lap and T-joints
43
Weld
Space
Intermittent Weld
Weld
44
Tack Welds
• Short welds spaced at intervals to join parts
to whole in process of assembly before
welding
• Must be strong
– Hold part in position
– Able to resist stress when expansion and
contraction occur during welding
• Number and size of tack welds depend upon
thickness of plate, length of seam, and
amount of cold working to be done

45
Tack Welds
• Use more heat for tack welding than for
major welding
• Must have good fusion and good root

penetration
• Flat and smooth

46
Stringer Bead
• Weld made by moving weld pool along
intended path in straight line
• Fast cooling rates because of faster travel

speed
– Can impact grain structure and affect distortion
level

p. 4-27, Fig. 4.32, 2000.

47
Weave Bead
• Weld made by moving weld pool along
intended path but with side-to-side
oscillation
– Generally done to increase weld size
• Codes will limit width
• Reduced travel speed increases heat input
and slows cooling rate
– Impact grain structure and affect distortion
level

48
Weave Bead
• Controlling maximum weave width will help
eliminate slag inclusions and incomplete
fusion type discontinuities

p. 4-27, Fig. 4.32, 2000.

49
Weld Positions
• Four basic positions:
– Flat
– Horizontal
– Vertical
– Overhead
• Designated with number system to aid in
oral or written communication

50
Flat Position (Number 1)
• Position used to weld from upper side of

joint
– Weld axis approximately horizontal

– Weld face lies in approximately horizontal plane
Bead Weld Groove Weld Fillet Weld
Flat Plate Butt Joint Corner Joint Tee Joint Lap Joint

51
Horizontal Position (Number 2)
• Weld on upper side of horizontal surface

against vertical surface
– Weld axis at point of welding: horizontal

– Weld face: vertical plane

52
Vertical Position (Number 3)

• Weld axis at point of welding vertical
• Weld face lies in approximately vertical plane
– Travel up, torch pointed up, at angle ahead of

weld
– Travel down, torch pointed up, at angle to weld
pool
Groove Weld Fillet Weld
Bead Weld
Tee Joint Lap Joint
Flat Plate Butt Joint Corner Joint

53
Overhead Position (Number 4)
• Welding performed from underside of joint

– Reverse of flat position


Example Welds and Welding 54
Positions

Plate Weld Designations 55
Groove Welds
2G - Horizontal position 1G - Flat position
4G - Overhead position 3G – Vertical position

Pipe Weld Designations 56
Groove Welds
• 1G – Flat position
– Pipe axis horizontal and pipe rotated
• 2G – Horizontal
– Pipe axis vertical
• 5G – Multiple-position
– Overhead, vertical, and flat
– Pipe axis horizontal and pipe not rotated
• 1G – Flat position
– Pipe axis horizontal and pipe rotated

Plate Position Designations 57
Fillet Welds
1F – Flat position
2F – Horizontal position
3F – Vertical Position
4F – Overhead position

Pipe Position Designations 58
Fillet Welds
• 1F – Flat position
– Pipe axis 45º from horizontal
• 2F – Horizontal
• 4F – Overhead
• 5F – Multiple positions
– Pipe axis horizontal, pipe fixed

Pipe Position Designations 59
Fillet Welds
• 6F – Multiple position
– Pipe 45º from horizontal
– Pipe not rotated

Production Welding Positions 60
Diagram for Groove Welds in Plate
Horizontal reference plane

always taken to lie below

weld under consideration.

Production Welding Position 61
Diagram for Fillet Welds in Plate
Horizontal reference plane

always taken to lie below
weld under consideration.
Angle of rotation of the

weld face is determined by
a line perpendicular to
weld face at its center
which passes through
the weld axis.


Production Welding Position 62
Diagram for Groove Welds in Pipe
Positions for circumferential

groove welds indicated by

shaded areas for pipe
with axis varying from
horizontal (0º) to
vertical (90º).

63
Strength of Welds
• Welded joints as strong (or stronger) than
base metal being welded
• Good welding design specifies welds that

require minimum amount of weld metal
– Weld metal costs more than base metal and
labor costs for application

Factors Determining Strength 64
of Welded Joint
• Strength of weld metal
• Type of joint preparation
• Type of weld
• Location of joint in relation to parts joined
• Load conditions to which weld subjected
• Welding process and procedure
• Heat treatment
• Skill of welder

Common Weld and 65
Weld-Related Discontinuities
• Weld discontinuity – any interruption in
normal flow of structure of weldment
– Interruption can be found in physical,

mechanical, or metallurgical characteristics
• Discontinuity becomes a defect when it
exceeds the acceptance criteria
– All metals and welds have discontinuities
– Metals crystalline structures, interruptions at
each grain boundaries reflects interruption of
normal flow of material

Location of Welds in 66
Relation to Parts Joined

• Has effect on strength of welded joint
Transverse welds stronger

than welds parallel to
lines of stress.

67
Stress Reduction
• Resistance to turning effect of one member
at joint best obtained by welds that are well
separated Example of proper placement

of welds to resist turning effect
of one member of the joint.
Single weld at A not as

effective as welds at
both A and B.

68
Stress Concentration
A lap weld having
poor distribution of
stress through
the weld.
Excessive convexity
A lap weld having a

more even distribution
of stress.
A lap weld in which

there is a uniform
transfer of stress
through the weld.

Minimizing Stress 69
Concentration
• Stress greater at ends of weld than in
middle for many load conditions
– Advisable to box the bead around joint

• Far greater resistance to tearing action on weld
• Length of boxing should be minimum of twice size
of weld specified
Example of weld boxing around

the corners to obtain resistance
to tearing action on welds when
subjected to eccentric loads.

70
Fillet Weld Profiles
Desirable Acceptable
Desirable

Fillet Weld with Insufficient 71
Throat
• Reduction of effective throat materially
reduces size of weld
• Concentrates stress at center

• Weaken weld and invite
joint failure
• Defect caused by
too fast travel and
excessive welding current

Fillet Weld with Excessive 72
Convexity
• May contain great deal of porosity
– Due to slag and gas entrapment
• Poor fusion at root of weld and poor fusion

of weld metal to plate surfaces
• Stress concentrates at
toe of weld
• Usually caused by low
welding current and slow
rate of travel

Fillet Weld with Incomplete 73
Fusion
At problem area A,
there is incomplete
fusion in the fillet

welds.
At problem area B,
the weld has bridged
the joint root and is
an incomplete
fusion. American Welding Society

Fillet Weld with Excess 74
Undercut
• Decreases thickness of plate at that point
leads to plate weakness
• Invites joint failure

– Designed load of joint based on original plate
thickness
• Failure increased when under-
cutting occurs at toe of weld
– High stress concentration point
• Defect caused by improper arc
manipulation, fast travel, and
excessive welding current

75
Fillet Weld with Overlap

• Sign of poor fusion (poor bond) between
weld metal and base metal
• Load applied to welded joint, weld will peel

from surface (weld failure)
• Failure certain when
overlap located at toe
of weld
• Caused by low welding
current, fast travel, or
improper electrode manipulation

Fillet Weld with Insufficient 76
Leg
• Reduction in leg length is reduction in size
of fillet weld
• Results in weld that does not possess

physical properties needed for safe
operation
• Usually caused by improper
electrode angle and faulty
electrode manipulation
– May be accompanied by
too fast travel

Fillet Weld with Poor 77
Penetration and Fusion

• Defect usually found at root of weld and
plate surfaces
• Stress concentrated at toe of weld

• Poor penetration and fusion caused by:
– Welding with current too low
– Improper speed of travel
– Improper electrode manipulation
• Deposited weld metal may become porous
due to slag and gas entrapment

Fillet Weld with Various Other 78
Discontinuities
Uniformly Aligned
scattered porosity
and piping Cluster porosity
porosity Undercut
Slag
inclusion
Incomplete
fusion Overlap

Discontinuities
Seam and lap
Longitudinal crack
Delamination Lamination

Discontinuities
Underbead and
heat-affected zone cracks Transverse crack
Throat crack Crater crack
Toe crack
Root crack

81
Porosity
• Cavity-type discontinuities (pores) formed
by gas entrapment during solidification
• Discontinuities are spherical and may be

elongated
• Usually caused by contamination of filler
metal or base metal or improper
gas shielding
• Not considered as
severe concern as
cracks or incomplete fusion
Acceptable Porosity Limits 82
Guideline (structural steel)
Sum of diameters
Type of weld of individual Length

and location Diameter porosity pores of weld
Groove-transverse No visible piping N/A N/A
to tensile loading porosity allowed
Groove-fillet > 1/32 ≥ 3/8 3/8 1
Groove-fillet ≥ 3/8 3/4 12
Fillet-CJP groove ≤ 3/32 single pore 4
piping porosity
Table 4-2 from Text *Note: inch measurements

83
Groove Weld Profiles

• Acceptable groove weld profile
• Recommended reinforcement (R) does not
extend more than 1/8 inch above surface

of plate

Groove Weld with Insufficient 84
Size (Underfill)
• Decrease in size, reduces size of butt weld
• Thickness of weld less than thickness of
plate
– Weld will not be as strong as plate
• Failure under maximum load certain
• Caused by combination of high welding
current and too fast travel

Groove Weld with Excessive 85
Convexity
• Less strong than weld with insufficient size
– Concentration of stress in weld
• Caused by travel that is too slow or low

welding current
• Possibility of porosity and slag inclusion in
weld
– Poor appearance

86
Groove Weld with Undercut

• Results in reduction of actual plate thickness
• Reduction in plate surface, and
concentration of stress at toe due to sharp

corner may cause failure of welded joint
• Discontinuity to be avoided
– Does not need to be repaired unless
exceeds acceptance criteria
• Caused by high welding
current, too fast travel,
or improper electrode
manipulation
87
Groove Weld with Overlap

• Incomplete fusion at toe of weld
• Usually caused by low welding current,
slow rate of travel, or improper electrode

manipulation
• Usually contains some porosity and poor
fusion

Groove Weld With Other 88
Discontinuities
Incomplete fusion from

Slag inclusions, between oxide or dross of center
passes at A, and at of joint, especially in
undercut at B aluminum
Incomplete fusion and

incomplete penetration
in a groove weld

Groove Weld with Various 89
Other Discontinuities
Incomplete fusion
Cluster porosity
Aligned
porosity
Slag inclusion Uniformly

scattered
and piping Incomplete
porosity joint
Single-bevel penetration
groove weld in a butt joint American Welding Society

Delamination
Underfill
Lamination
Undercut
Seam and lap

Single-bevel Overlap
groove weld in a butt joint

Transverse crack
Longitudinal crack
Root crack Crater crack

Throat crack
Underbead and heat-affected
Single-bevel groove zone (HAZ) cracks
weld in a butt joint

Other Discontinuities 92
Cracks
• Fracture-type discontinuity with sharp tip
and length greater than its width or
opening
• Not allowed – considered defects and must
be repaired
• Considered stress riser because of sharp
tip
• Propagate rapidly across joint or weldment

93
Cracks
• Hot cracks
– Hot cracks caused by insufficient ductility at
high temperatures
– Move between grains in weld metal or at weld
interface
• Cold cracks
– Occur once weld metal has solidified
– Weld metal, heat-affected zone, or base metal
affected
– Occur because of improper welding procedure
or techniques or welding service condition

94
Example of a Crack
Note the crack in the crater area of the weld. Crater was not
properly filled to full cross section of weld. Small crack formed
in crater due to shrinkage forces, and crack propagated out of
crater all the way around the joint.
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p 9-6, Fig. 9.7, 2000.

95
Hydrogen Cracking
• Delayed cracking
• Brought about by one of the following:
– Presence of hydrogen
– Hard grain structures
– Amount of restraint in the joint
– Low temperature operation of weldment
• Only hard grain structures sensitive to this
type of cracking

96
Hydrogen Cracking
• Hydrogen in form of moisture comes from
many sources
– Coating on SMAW electrode

– Flux in core of FCAW electrode
– Oxides on metal
– Lubricants
– Contamination on plate or filler metal
– Moisture in air

97
Hydrogen Cracking
• Problem for hard grain structure type steel
– Examples: carbon-manganese and low alloy
steel
• Low heat input with fast cooling rate
creates problems
– Hydrogen cannot escape from weld area
• Also greater tendency for cracking if joint
highly restrained
• Best method to eliminate delayed cracking
or hydrogen cracking is to eliminate all
levels of hydrogen to acceptable levels
98
Hydrogen Cracking
• Good practice to use proper welding
procedures to control cooling rate
• Use of preheat and interpass temperature

and postweld heat treatment may be
required
• Usually found in heat-affected zone (HAZ)
– Cracks may not open to surface so called
underbead cracks
• Difficult to locate
• Final inspection delayed to allow crack to come to
surface

99
Incomplete Fusion
• Weld discontinuity that occurs when weld
metal is in contact with other weld metal,
joint groove, or rootface, but does not fuse

with it
Examples of incomplete fusion at various locations

100
Incomplete Fusion
• Most codes and specifications do not allow
– No matter size, length, location, or orientation
to load
• Always considered defect and must be
repaired
• Caused by:
– Improper welding techniques
– Joint preparation
– Joint design
– Lack of welding heat or access of arc to fusion
area
Incomplete Joint Fusion and 101
Penetration
• Occurs when weld metal does not extend
all the way into root of joint and when weld
metal penetrates root but does not fuse

• Generally due to not applying sufficient
heat and arc force to penetrate root of joint
– Sometimes by not dissolving
surface oxides or
impurities
• Considered defect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Examples

102
Incomplete Joint Penetration

• Undesirable because:
– At root of joint, may be subject to tension or
bending forces, weld size not large enough

and failure occurs
– Shrinkage forces of weld cooling may lead to
cracks
• May propagate from root out into base metal or out
through subsequent weld passes
• Penetration is measured by how far weld
penetrates into joint (not the base metal)
– Line indicating depth of effective throat also
indication of amount of root penetration

103
Inclusions
• Entrapped solid materials not intended to
be in weld joint
– Examples: slag, flux, oxides, and tungsten

• Can be located in between weld passes,
and/or between weld pass and joint groove
or root face Slag caught between passes
• If open to surface it
should be repaired
– No fusion at that point
• If subsurface, not as critical
104
Inclusions
• Subsurface inclusions of specific size and
separated may be considered discontinuities
– Exceed acceptance requirement of code then

need to be repaired
• Not as severe a problem as porosity
– Inclusions can transmit certain amount of load
• Controlled by
– following welding procedure, proper weld bead
location and proper welding techniques
• Cleaning between passes will reduce creation of
inclusions

105
Underfill
• Exists when weld face or root surface
extends below surface of material being
welded
• Results from poor welder observation and
technique
• Some usually allowable depending upon
code
• Usually provide better fatigue properties
than overwelding

Discontinuities, Defects, and 106
Visual Inspection
• Avoid all defects – little tolerance permitted
in critical or code work
• Criticality of discontinuity one way of

assessing importance of classifying it as
defect
– Actual repair of discontinuity may create more
problems
– Engineer take all issues into consideration
when determining if meets acceptance criteria

107
Visual Inspection
• Welder in best position to do visual
inspection
– Done before welding with proper joint fitup and

selection of materials
– Done during welding after tacking, root pass,
fill passes and cap passes
– Done after completed to determine weld
dimensions, overall part dimensional accuracy
and whenever postweld heat treatment
required
• American Welding Society has certification
program
108
Weld Quality
• Built in by professional welders
– Proper training for work, certified if required
• Welder required to determine if acceptance

criteria met
Tools useful for
welding inspection –
Kits available from
the American Welding
Society
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th Ed., p. 10-4, Fig. 10.2, 2000

109
Visual Inspection Tools

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th Ed., p. 10-12, Fig. 10.14, 2000
Measuring fillet weld size.

On the left, a concave fillet weld;
On the right, a convex fillet weld.

110
Handheld Weld Scanners

• Using scanner at joint
preparation or finished weld
provides multitude of
measurements
• Data supplied via

visual displays,
computer saved
data, and strip chart
Servo-Robot Corp.
printouts

111
Visual Inspection
• Effective tool in controlling overall weld
quality
• VI limited to visible surface of weld

– External surfaces of weldments see highest
stresses in service
• Cost-effective inspection method
• Sees defects as they occur
VI and Handheld Scanner allows discovery

and repair of defects as they occur!

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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Measure fillet and groove weld sizes.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Five Types of Joints

• Butt joint In Chapter 28, the most

• Corner joint common joints will be

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Four Weld Types

• Bead (surface) weld

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Used to build up pad of metal and to

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Take right triangular cross section due to

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Used for butt joints

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

American Welding Society

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holes in lap joints

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American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed.,

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Weld Size and Strength

• Design engineer determines load-carrying

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– Size does not include reinforcement on face

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CJP V-groove Butt Joint

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Groove Weld Fusion Terms

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• Usually single-pass welds deposited along

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1/4 inch greater than width of groove face

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above allowable limit

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– Adds to overall heat input

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V-groove Weld Butt Joint

American Welding Society,

It would only be considered incomplete joint penetration

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correct size and proper welding techniques used

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Convex Fillet Weld

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology,

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• Wastes filler metal

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Allowable on Fillet Welds

Width of weld face of total maximum

Table 4-1 from Text

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Concave Fillet Weld

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology,

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