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    21 Piloting

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    Daniel England
    This document provides information on piloting, which involves precisely determining a vessel's position in restricted waters. It discusses how to obtain lines of position (LOPs) visually using bearings, with radar using ranges, and from soundings. A fix is where two or more LOPs cross, giving the vessel's known position at a specific time. It's best to get a three-point fix using navigation aids spaced about 120 degrees apart. LOPs should be taken simultaneously, but sequentially is acceptable to minimize errors from changing conditions. Precision piloting requires carefully choosing navigation references and techniques.

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    21 Piloting

    Uploaded by

    Daniel England
    129 views32 pages
    This document provides information on piloting, which involves precisely determining a vessel's position in restricted waters. It discusses how to obtain lines of position (LOPs) visually using bearings, with radar using ranges, and from soundings. A fix is where two or more LOPs cross, giving the vessel's known position at a specific time. It's best to get a three-point fix using navigation aids spaced about 120 degrees apart. LOPs should be taken simultaneously, but sequentially is acceptable to minimize errors from changing conditions. Precision piloting requires carefully choosing navigation references and techniques.

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    This document provides information on piloting, which involves precisely determining a vessel's position in restricted waters. It discusses how to obtain lines of position (LOPs) visually using bearings, with radar using ranges, and from soundings. A fix is where two or more LOPs cross, giving the vessel's known position at a specific time. It's best to get a three-point fix using navigation aids spaced about 120 degrees apart. LOPs should be taken simultaneously, but sequentially is acceptable to minimize errors from changing conditions. Precision piloting requires carefully choosing navigation references and techniques.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    129 views32 pages

    21 Piloting

    Uploaded by

    Daniel England
    This document provides information on piloting, which involves precisely determining a vessel's position in restricted waters. It discusses how to obtain lines of position (LOPs) visually using bearings, with radar using ranges, and from soundings. A fix is where two or more LOPs cross, giving the vessel's known position at a specific time. It's best to get a three-point fix using navigation aids spaced about 120 degrees apart. LOPs should be taken simultaneously, but sequentially is acceptable to minimize errors from changing conditions. Precision piloting requires carefully choosing navigation references and techniques.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 32

    Navigation

    NAU 102
    Lesson 21
    Piloting

    Determining the position of the vessel by visual


    reference to landmarks, by measurements of
    depth or by radar. – Dutton’s

    Piloting involves navigating a vessel in


    restricted waters and fixing its position as
    precisely as possible at frequent intervals. –
    Bowditch
    Piloting

    The task of piloting is to determine (“fix”) your


    position at a certain time.

    A Line of Position (LOP) is the building block


    of a fix.

    LOP – a line along which you know you are


    located.
    Piloting
    Piloting
    Piloting

    LOP’s can be obtained:

    •Visually
    •With Radar
    •By taking Soundings

    •Radio Direction Finders


    •Loran-C
    Visual LOP
    Using a bearing or azimuth circle or a pelorus.

    The bearing of a
    charted object is
    observed and the time
    noted.

    An LOP is drawn on
    the chart to the
    observed object.
    Visual LOP

    •Draw the line of the


    correct bearing to the
    object on the chart.
    •Label the LOP with
    the time of the bearing.
    •No need to draw a
    lengthy line
    Visual LOP
    Visual Range Line
    •Two charted objects are
    sighted in line.
    •No need to note bearing.

    •Draw an LOP through


    the objects, extended
    towards your probable
    position.
    Visual LOP
    Radar Range LOP

    •Distance to a charted
    object is determined on
    radar.
    •An arc of a circle
    centered on the object
    is drawn on the chart.

    •Radius = distance
    Radar Range LOP

    •Arc is labeled with


    the time the range
    was determined.
    •No need to draw the
    entire circle
    Radar Range LOP
    Radar Range LOP

    •Radar ranges are


    more accurate than
    radar bearings.
    •If possible, use visual
    bearings vice radar
    bearings.
    Soundings
    A depth contour can be used as an LOP.

    Compare charted depth (corrected for height of


    tide) with echo sounder reading.
    Soundings
    The Fix
    Your Fixed Position (“Fix”) is your known
    location at a point on the earth at a specific time.

    A fix can be obtained where two or more LOP’s,


    taken at the same time, cross.

    Sometimes referred to as a “Simultaneous Fix”.


    The Fix

    1000

    100
    0

    00
    10
    The Fix
    The Fix
    Three (or more) LOP’s are better than two.
    Minimize positional errors caused by a bad LOP
    The Fix
    Where am I?
    The Fix
    Option 1 – In the center of the triangle.

    .
    The Fix
    Option 2 – In the most dangerous position.
    The Fix
    Ideally, we’ll get a 3-point fix.
    Fix Geometry
    To ensure accuracy and minimize errors, we
    must choose our navigation aids carefully.

    If using 2 LOP’s, navigation aids should be


    approximately 90° apart.

    Ideally, 3 navaids would be separated by 120°,


    or 60° if all within 180°.
    Poor Fix Geometry
    Good Fix Geometry
    Good Fix Geometry
    Good Fix Geometry
    The Fix

    To be truly “simultaneous” all LOP’s (bearings


    and/or ranges) must be shot at exactly the same
    time.

    Unless you have several people on your


    navigation team, this is impossible.

    To minimize errors, first take the bearing or


    range that is changing the quickest.
    The Fix

    Bearings – at fix time, take the bearing of the


    navaid closest to the beam.

    Ranges – at fix time, mark the range of the


    navaid ahead or astern.
    Introduction to Navigation

    Questions?

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