NCE 422

REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
 TERMINOLOGIES
CONCRETE
- a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock
or other aggregates held together in a
rock line mass with a paste of cement
and water.
- has a high compressive strength and a
very low tensile strength.
 TERMINOLOGIES
REINFORCED CONCRETE
- is a combination of concrete and steel
where in the steel reinforcement provides the
tensile strength lacking in the concrete.

STEEL REINFORCEMENT
- also capable of resisting compression forces
and is used in columns as well as in other
situations to be described later.
 ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

1. It has a considerable compressive strength as compared to most

other materials.
2. It has a great resistance to the actions of fire And water.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low maintenance material.
5. It has a very long service life.
6. Economical material available for footings, basement, walls, piers
and similar applications.
7. Has the ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
from simple slabs, beams and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete take advantage of inexpensive local
materials (sand, gravel, water).
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection.
 DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength,

requiring the use of steel reinforcement.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place
until it happens sufficiently. Formworks are very
expensive.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete
leads to heavy member.
4. The low strength per unit of volume of concrete
means a member will be relatively large.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely due to
variations in its proportioning.
 OTHER TERMS
ORDER OF PLASTIC FLOW
- The additional deformation for long periods of time
under sustained loads.
SHRINKAGE
- The extra mixing of water that was used begins to
work its way out of the concrete to the surface where
it evaporates. A s a result the concrete shrinks and
cracks.
CREEP
- Under sustained loads, concrete will continue to
deform for long period of time.
- Additional deformation
COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL
- Concrete and steel work together beautifully in
reinforced concrete structures. The advantages
of each material seem to compensate for
structures for the disadvantages of the other.
For instance, the great short coming of concrete
is its lack of tensile strength, but tensile strength
is one of the great advantages of steel.
- Reinforcing bars are subjected to corrosion, but
the concrete surrounding them provides them
with excellent protection.
 DESIGN CODE
ACI – AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
-The most important code in the United
States for reinforced concrete design is the
American Concrete Institute’s Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-11).10 This code, which is used primarily
for the design of buildings, is followed for the
majority of the numerical examples given in
this text.
 DESIGN CODE
Other well-known reinforced
concrete specifications are those of
the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) and the
American Railway Engineering
Association (AREA).
 CEMENT
Concretes made with normal portland
cement require about 2 weeks to
achieve a sufficient strength to permit
the removal of forms and the
application of moderate loads. Such
concretes reach their design strengths
after about 28 days and continue to
gain strength at a slower rate
thereafter.
 CEMENT
TYPE OF PORTLAND CEMENT (ASTM)

Type I—The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
Type II—A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does
Type I cement and that can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
Type III—A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a
concrete with a strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement
does have a much higher heat of hydration.
Type IV—A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat
very slowly. It is used for very large concrete structures.
Type V—A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high
concentrations of sulfate.
 AGGREGATES
- Used in concrete occupy about ¾ on
the concrete volume.
- Any aggregates that pass no. 4 sieve is
said to be fine aggregates.
- Material of large size is coarse
aggregate.
- Aggregate must be strong, durable
and clear.
 ADMIXTURES
Materials added to concrete during or
before mixing are referred to as
admixtures. They are used to improve
the performance of concrete in certain
situations as well as to lower its cost.
There is a rather well-known saying
regarding admixtures, to the effect that
they are to concrete as beauty aids are
to the populace.
 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
Air-entraining admixtures
-conforming to the requirements of ASTM C260 and C618,
are used primarily to increase concrete’s resistance to
freezing and thawing and provide better resistance to the
deteriorating action of deicing salts. The air-entraining
agents cause the mixing water to foam, with the result that
billions of closely spaced air bubbles are incorporated into
the concrete. When concrete freezes, water moves into the
air bubbles, relieving the pressure in the concrete. When the
concrete thaws, the water can move out of the bubbles, with
the result that there is less cracking than if air entrainment
had not been used.
 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
Accelerating admixtures
-such as calcium chloride, to concrete will accelerate its early
strength development. The results of such additions
(particularly useful in cold climates) are reduced times
required for curing and protection of the concrete and the
earlier removal of forms. (Section 3.6.3 of the ACI Code
states that because of corrosion problems, calcium chloride
may not be added to concretes with embedded aluminum,
concretes cast against stay-in-place galvanized steel forms,
or prestressed concretes.) Other accelerating admixtures
that may be used include various soluble salts as well as
some other organic compounds.
 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
Retarding admixtures
-are used to slow the setting of the concrete and to retard
temperature increases. They consist of various acids or
sugars or sugar derivatives. Some concrete truck drivers
keep sacks of sugar on hand to throw into the concrete in
case they get caught in traffic jams or are otherwise delayed.
Retarding admixtures are particularly useful for large pours
where significant temperature increases may occur. They
also prolong the plasticity of the concrete, enabling better
blending or bonding of successive pours. Retarders can also
slow the hydration of cement on exposed concrete surfaces
or formed surfaces to produce attractive exposed aggregate
finishes.
 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
Superplasticizers
-are admixtures made from organic sulfonates. Their use
enables engineers to reduce the water content in concretes
substantially while at the same time increasing their slumps.
Although superplasticizers can also be used to keep water–
cement ratios constant while using less cement, they are
more commonly used to produce workable concretes with
considerably higher strengths while using the same amount
of cement. (See Section 1.13.) A relatively new product, self-
consolidating concrete, uses superplasticizers and
modifications in mix designs to produce an extremely
workable mix that requires no vibration, even for the most
congested placement situations.
 TYPES OF ADMIXTURES
Waterproofing materials
-usually are applied to hardened concrete surfaces, but they
may be added to concrete mixes. These admixtures
generally consist of some type of soap or petroleum
products, as perhaps asphalt emulsions. They may help
retard the penetration of water into porous concretes but
probably don’t help dense, well-cured concretes very much.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(f’c)
-is determined by
testing to failure 28 day
old 6-in concrete
cylinder usually kept
under water or in a
room with constant
temperature and 100%
humidity.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a. INITIAL MODULUS - Is the slope of the stress-strain diagram @
curve origin.
b. TANGENT MODULUS – Is the slope of a tangent to the curve @
same point along the curve, for instance @ 50% of the estimate
strength of concrete.
c. SECANT MODULUS – Is the slope of a line drawn from the origin to
a point non the curve somewhere between 25% and 50% of their
ultimate compressive strength.
d. APPARENT MODULUS OR LONG TERM MODULUS – Is determined
by using the stresses and strains obtained under after loading has
been applied for a certain length of time.

𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 psi

𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 MPa in SI Units

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
POISSONS RATIO
- The ratio of the
lateral expansion
of a concrete
cylinder subjected
to compressive
loads to the
longitudinal
shortening.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
(fr)
-Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile
strength of concrete. It is a measure of an
unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist
failure in bending. It is measured by loading 6 x 6
inch (150 x 150-mm) concrete beams with a span
length at least three times the depth. The flexural
strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR)
in psi (MPa) and is determined by standard test
methods ASTM C 78 (third-point loading) or ASTM
C 293 (center-point loading).
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Flexural Strength of Concrete Flexural MR is about
10 to 20 percent of compressive strength depending
on the type, size and volume of coarse aggregate
used. However, the best correlation for specific
materials is obtained by laboratory tests for given
materials and mix design. The MR determined by
third-point loading is lower than the MR determined
by center-point loading, sometimes by as much as
15%.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

• For a rectangular sample under a load in a

three-point bending setup (Fig. 3):
F is the load (force) at the fracture point (N)
L is the length of the support span
b is width
d is thickness
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

• For a rectangular sample under a load in a four-

point bending setup where the loading span is
one-third of the support span:
F is the load (force) at the fracture point
L is the length of the support (outer) span
b is width
d is thickness
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

• For the 4 pt bend setup, if the loading span is 1/2

of the support span (i.e. Li = 1/2 L in Fig. 4):

If the loading span is neither 1/3 nor 1/2 the support

span for the 4 pt bend setup (Fig. 4):

Fig. 4 - Beam under 4 point bending

Li is the length of the loading (inner) span
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
TENSILE STRENGTH
(ft)
-varies from about 10%-15% of its compressive
strength.
- determined by the so-called split cylinder test.
2ρ
𝑓𝑡 =
π𝐿𝐷

ft = tensile strength
ρ = maximum c.f.
L = length
D = diameter
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

SHEAR STRENGTH
-have yielded values all the way
from one third(1/3) - four fifths(4/5)
of the ultimate compressive
strength
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL STRENGTH CONCRETE
 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Concretes with compression strengths exceeding 6000
psi are referred to as high-strength concretes. Another
name sometimes given to them is high-performance
concretes because they have other excellent
characteristics besides just high strengths. For instance,
the low permeability of such concretes causes them to
be quite durable as regards the various physical and
chemical agents acting on them that may cause the
material to deteriorate
 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
In recent years, a great deal of
interest has been shown in
fiber-reinforced concrete, and
today there is much ongoing
research on the subject. The
fibers used are made from
steel, plastics, glass, and other
materials. Various experiments
have shown that the addition
of such fibers in convenient
quantities (normally up to
about 1% or 2% by volume) to
conventional concretes can
appreciably improve their
characteristics.
 STEEL REINFORCEMENT
a. May be in the form of bars or welded
fabric.
b. Plain or deformed.
c. Plain round bars are indicated by their
diameter in fractions of an inch
(3/8ӯ,1/2ӯ, 5/8ӯ).
d. Deformed bars are round and vary in
sizes from No.3 to No.1 w/ 2 very large
sizes, No.14 and No.18
 PLAIN DEFORMED
Plain round bar is commonly used to Deformed reinforcing bar is used in a
separate mesh in concrete slabs and is range of residential, commercial and
used in a range of commercial and infrastructure applications from
infrastructure applications. concrete slabs to prefabricated beams,
Plain round bar has a range of applications columns, cages and precast products.
from reinforced concrete piers, bored
piles, footings, walls, beams, columns,
slabs, and precast products. Round bar is a
Class N (normal ductility) bar and is
available in 250 MPa for diameters 10 mm
- 36 mm.
GRADES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
- may consist of billet steel, axle steel
or rail steel.

TYPES OF REINFORCING BARS

-ASTM A615, billet steel, grades 40 & 60
-ASTM A616, rail steel, grades 40 & 60
-ASTM A617, axle steel, grades 40 & 60
-ASTM A618, low alloy steel, grade 60
 SI BAR SIZES AND STRENGTH
The metric version of the ACI Code 318M-11 makes use
of the same reinforcing bars used for designs using U.S.
customary units. The metric bar dimensions are merely
soft conversions (i.e., almost equivalent) of the
customary sizes. The SI concrete strengths (f c ) and the
minimum steel yield strengths (fy) are converted from
the customary values into metric units and rounded off
a bit. A brief summary of metric bar sizes and material
strengths is presented in the following paragraphs.
These values are used for the SI examples and
homework problems throughout the text.
 SI BAR SIZES AND STRENGTH
1. The bar sizes used in the metric version of the code correspond to U.S. sizes
#3 through #18 bars. They are numbered 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36, 43,
and 57. These numbers represent the U.S. customary bar diameters rounded
to the nearest millimeter (mm). For instance, the metric #10 bar has a
diameter equal to 9.5 mm, the metric #13 bar has a diameter equal to 12.7
mm, and so on.
2. The steel reinforcing grades, or minimum steel yield strengths, referred to
in the code are 300, 350, 420, and 520 MPa. These correspond, respectively,
to 43,511, 50,763, 60,916, and 75,420 psi and, thus, correspond
approximately to Grade 40, 50, 60, and 75 bars.
3. The concrete strengths in metric units referred to in the code are 17, 21,
24, 28, 35, and 42 MPa. These correspond respectively to 2466, 3046, 3481,
4061, 5076, and 6092 psi, that is, to 2500-, 3000-, 3500-, 4000-, 5000-, and
6000-psi concretes.
 SI BAR SIZES AND STRENGTH
U.S. rebar size chart
Imperialbar Linear Mass Density Nominal diameter Nominal area
Metric size
size lb⁄ (kg/m) (in) (mm) (in²) (mm²)
ft

#2 #6 0.167 0.249 0.250 = 2⁄8 6.35 0.05 32

#3 #10 0.376 0.561 0.375 = 3⁄8 9.525 0.11 71

#4 #13 0.668 0.996 0.500 = 4⁄8 12.7 0.20 129

#5 #16 1.043 1.556 0.625 = 5⁄8 15.875 0.31 200

#6 #19 1.502 2.24 0.750 = 6⁄8 19.05 0.44 284

#7 #22 2.044 3.049 0.875 = 7⁄8 22.225 0.60 387

#8 #25 2.670 3.982 1.000 25.4 0.79 509

#9 #29 3.400 5.071 1.128 28.65 1.00 645
#10 #32 4.303 6.418 1.270 32.26 1.27 819
#11 #36 5.313 7.924 1.410 35.81 1.56 1006
#14 #43 7.650 11.41 1.693 43 2.25 1452
#18 #57 13.60 20.284 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581
#18J 14.60 21.775 2.337 59.4 4.29 2678
 INTRODUCTION TO LOADS
DEAD LOADS
- Loads of constant magnitude
that remain in one position. They
consist of the structural frames
own weight and other loads that
are permanently attached to the
frame.
 LOADS
LIVE LOADS
- Loads that may change in position and
magnitude.
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
- snow and ice
- rain
- traffic load for bridge
-impact loads (caused by the vibration of moving loads.)
- lateral loads
- wind loads
- earthquake loads
 SELECTION OF DESIGN LOADS
a. The designer is usually fairly well
controlled in the design of live loads by
the building code requirement in
his/her particular area.
b. The designer knowledge of the
situation are often needed to predict
what loads a particular structure will
have to support in years to come.