1.

EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap

01
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing

SITEWORK
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
This Course
teaching material is a compilation of information from journals, books, magazines,
c. Choker
internet, several review centers and other sources of publication for the purpose of further
Aggregate
studying
3.02 Paving
and
architecture. ArcStudio, its offices, members and lecturers assumes no liability
whatsoever
Surfacing and do not claim any express or implied authorship, patents relating to all contents
a. Concrete
found herein. Some content herein maybe claim by the rightful owners.
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.01 ACRONYMS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Transportation Officials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical
ANSI American National Standards Institute
Barrier
b. Chemical ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
Barrier
c. Bait
System DPWH Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base USCS Unified Soil Classification System
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
2
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade materials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier AASHTO defines particle sizes as:
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait • Boulders – above 75mm
3. ROADS &
System • Gravel – 75mm to No.10 sieve
PARKING • Coarse Sand – No.10 to No.40 sieve
3.01 Subgrade • Fine Sand – No.40 to No.200 sieve
and Base
Course • Silt-Clay Particles – passing No.200 sieve
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
3
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- ATTERBERG LIMITS are tests performed on soils passing the
Control
Materials No.40 sieve to establish the following:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite Liquid Limit (LL) the moisture content at which soil
Proofing changes from a liquid to a plastic state
b. Chemical
Barrier as moisture is removed. It is measured
b. Chemical when soil in a shallow dish flows to
Barrier
c. Bait
close a 12.5 mm groove after 25 drops
System from 1 cm.
3. ROADS &
PARKING Plastic Limit (PL) the moisture content at which soil
3.01 Subgrade
and Base passes from plastic to a semi-solid
Course state as water is removed.
Materials
a. Borrow Plasticity Index (PI) equals Liquid Limit minus the Plastic
Material
b. Base Limit (LL – PL = PI)
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing PI
a. Concrete SL PL LL
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
4
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control a. Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand used to
Materials raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit;
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on
2.01 Termite
Proofing
grade; classified under the Unified Soil Classification
b. Chemical System (USCS) as:
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier • GW, GM, GP – Gravels with >
c. Bait 50% retained on No. 200 sieve
System
3. ROADS & and > 50% further retained on
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade No.40 sieve.
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base • SW, SM – or Sands with > 50%
Course are retained on No. 200 sieve
c. Choker
Aggregate and 50% or more passes No.40
3.02 Paving
and
sieve.
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
5
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control b. Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with sand
Materials equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural
2.01 Termite
Proofing
materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to
b. Chemical ASTM C 33, size 67.
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
6
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel,
Materials disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No.
PROOFING
2.01 Termite 200 sieve.
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
7
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control d. Base Course Materials -
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
hard durable fragments of
PROOFING stone and a filler of sand or
2.01 Termite
Proofing other finely divided mineral
b. Chemical
Barrier
matter, free from vegetable
b. Chemical matter and lumps of clay,
Barrier complying with the following
c. Bait
System AASHTO METHODS T-11
3. ROADS &
PARKING and T-26 Grading
3.01 Subgrade Requirements:
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Sieve Designation Percent Weight Passing
Material U.S. Standard Sieve Type "B" Base Course
b. Base
Course 1 - 1/2" 100
c. Choker 1" 85 - 100
Aggregate
3.02 Paving No. 4 20 - 45
and
Surfacing No. 200 5 - 12
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
8
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Local Borrow Fill materials:
Materials BANDA Y BANDA
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK LASTILLAS
PROOFING
2.01 Termite BASE COURSE
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
9
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Local Borrow Fill materials:
Materials ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
10
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent
Control
Materials erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment.
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite - term "riprap" also is frequently defined as the stone used
Proofing to construct such a lining.
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
11
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a special class of very large aggregate. Riprap
Control
Materials gradations range in diameter from 50mm (2 inches) to
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK 1148mm (42 inches). Because riprap is subject to
PROOFING
2.01 Termite significant energy, it is important that it be sound and
Proofing free from defects or entrained substances such soil
b. Chemical
Barrier shale or organic materials.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
12 12
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - resistance of riprap to displacement of moving water or
Control
Materials pressure of soil is a function of the weight, size, and
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK shape of the stone, the geometry of the channel or
PROOFING
2.01 Termite bank it is protecting, and the filter blanket over which
Proofing the riprap is placed.
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
13 13
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wire-enclosed riprap
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK - consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh,
PROOFING filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope.
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
14
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for the
Control
Materials same resistance to displacement by water energy as
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK larger unwrapped riprap.
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
15 15
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
- is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to
Materials trucks or large construction equipment.
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite - wire baskets also allow
Proofing
b. Chemical steeper (i.e., vertical)
Barrier channel linings to be
b. Chemical
Barrier constructed.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS & - gabion baskets or
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
mattresses can be made
and Base from commercially available
Course
Materials
wire units or from available
a. Borrow wire fencing material or may
Material
b. Base be fabricated from No. 9 or
Course
c. Choker
No. 12 galvanized wire.
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
16
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - According to FHA guidance, the thickness of wire mattresses
Control
Materials used for channel linings is determined by three factors:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
 the erodibility of the bank soil
2.01 Termite  the maximum velocity of the water, and
Proofing
b. Chemical  the bank slope.
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier Criteria for Gabion Thickness
c. Bait
System Maximum Minimum Required
3. ROADS &
PARKING Bank Soil Type Velocity (ft Bank Slope Mattress Thickness
3.01 Subgrade per second) (inches)
and Base
Course Clays, heavy cohesive soils 10 <1:3 9
Materials
a. Borrow 13-16 <1:2 12
Material
b. Base any >1:2 18+
Course Silts, fine sands 10 <1:2 12
c. Choker
Aggregate Shingle with gravel 16 <1:3 9
3.02 Paving
and 20 <1:2 12
Surfacing
a. Concrete any >1:2 18+
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
17
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Construction materials consisting of synthetic components
Materials made for use with or within earth materials generally are
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
referred to as geosynthetics. Geosynthetics can be further
2.01 Termite categorized into the following components:
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier • Geotextiles
b. Chemical
Barrier
• Geomembranes
c. Bait • Geocomposites
System
3. ROADS & • Geonets and
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade • Geocells
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
18
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles are the most common geosynthetics, and
Materials consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for
PROOFING
2.01 Termite reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier  Reinforcement
b. Chemical when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load-
Barrier
c. Bait bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and
3. ROADS &
System decrease the amount of sub-base and base course
PARKING material.
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
19
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
 Separation
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar
Proofing
b. Chemical materials to prevent migration of one of the materials
Barrier into the other.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
20
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of
Proofing fine particles from soil through which seepage occurs .
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
21
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Filtration has three separate categories:
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical  Subsurface
Barrier those employed in sub-surface drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier applications, such as filters around under-drains or
c. Bait edge drains, or under paving.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
22
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical  Erosion Control
Barrier those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier features. When used in conjunction with a stone lining
c. Bait or riprap, they would serve a secondary function of
System
3. ROADS & separation.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
23
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical  Sediment Control
Barrier
b. Chemical
are exclusively those used for silt fence applications.
Barrier While they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the
c. Bait
System
mechanism by which they function is different than
3. ROADS & subsurface drainage or erosion control applications.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
24
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  In-Plane Drainage
PROOFING
2.01 Termite particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having
Proofing
b. Chemical sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits
Barrier in drainage applications.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
25
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets that
Materials are impermeable. The most frequently used for ground
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK applications are:
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
 thermoplastic products manufactured from high-density
b. Chemical polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Barrier
b. Chemical  thermoset polymer Ethylene propylene diene monomer
Barrier (EPDM) frequently used for membrane roofing applications.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
26
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Different types of geomembranes have significantly
PROOFING
2.01 Termite different properties including :
Proofing
b. Chemical  Strength
Barrier
b. Chemical
 Longevity
Barrier  resistance to ultraviolet light
c. Bait
System
 thermal expansion and contraction
3. ROADS &  chemical resistance, and
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade  ease of installation
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Geomembranes should not to be subjected to tensile
Material
b. Base
stresses and should be treated gently during installation and
Course subsequent use.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
27
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials consist of a combination of geosynthetic components;
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK are usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a
PROOFING
2.01 Termite prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded.
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
28
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK The core provides void space to which water can flow
PROOFING
2.01 Termite in-plane while the geotextile filter keeps soil from filling
Proofing
b. Chemical the voids created by the core.
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier Geocomposite sheet drains are available that allow
c. Bait flow in from one or both faces.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
29 29
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
d. Geonet
Materials is a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through
PROOFING
2.01 Termite which provide in-plane flow capacity.
Proofing
b. Chemical Geonets are available with or without bonded geotextile
Barrier filters. Geonets with bonded geotextile filters are
b. Chemical
Barrier sometimes referred to as composite drainage nets (CDNs).
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
30
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches) high. The
PROOFING
2.01 Termite geocell systems are collapsed for delivery to the site.
Proofing
b. Chemical Upon arrival at a site, they are spread open and filled to
Barrier form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
31
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft subgrades for
PROOFING
2.01 Termite mobilization of large equipment, they are now frequently
Proofing
b. Chemical used for protection and stabilization of steep slope
Barrier surfaces and protective linings for channels.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
32 32
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
These include materials used
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK for both temporary and
PROOFING
2.01 Termite permanent erosion
Proofing
b. Chemical
protection.
Barrier
b. Chemical Temporary materials consist
Barrier
c. Bait of open mesh polymeric
System systems, biodegradable
3. ROADS &
PARKING mesh system (e.g., coir jute),
3.01 Subgrade
and Base or a combination of polymeric
Course and biodegradable mesh.
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
33
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
The open mesh systems
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK serve as a semipermanent
PROOFING
2.01 Termite mulch, anchoring seeds and
Proofing
b. Chemical
soil particles subject to
Barrier erosive flows in channels.
b. Chemical Greater flow rates and
Barrier
c. Bait volumes usually require
System denser mesh and more
3. ROADS &
PARKING durable construction.
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
34 34
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard 1. EARTHWORKS
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
2.01 TERMITE PROOFING – there are three types:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite a. Physical barriers
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical b. Chemical barriers
Barrier
c. Bait
System
c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
35
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Physical barriers: prevent termites from accessing the
Materials wood in a home. There are a variety of methods:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
 Termite Resistant Sand - a
Proofing
b. Chemical
layer of sand with uniform
Barrier size particles. The sand
b. Chemical must be large enough to
Barrier
c. Bait prevent the termite from
3. ROADS &
System moving through it effectively
PARKING and of a consistency that
3.01 Subgrade
and Base prevents its use in "tunnel"
Course construction. Sometimes
Materials
a. Borrow used around the foundation
Material of a home during
b. Base
Course construction.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
36
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Termite Mesh - steel mesh product that is fine
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
enough to keep even tiny termites from passing
Proofing through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab construction
b. Chemical
Barrier (concrete slabs are poured over or with the mesh). It
b. Chemical is also used to wrap pipes and other access areas.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
37
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Home Construction - in particularly high-risk termite
PROOFING environments, homes are sometimes designed on high
2.01 Termite
Proofing concrete pillars to physically separate the home from
b. Chemical
Barrier the distance termites can travel from their colony.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
38
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers: The objective of this method is to
Control
Materials establish a continuous termiticide barrier or treated area
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK between potential soil access routes and the structure to
PROOFING
2.01 Termite either kill or repel subterranean termites that attempt to
Proofing reach the structure. A termiticide is a type of chemical
b. Chemical
Barrier used to control termites.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait  Pre-construction chemical barriers
System are almost always applied during construction, to the soil
3. ROADS &
PARKING and foundation. There are also termite resistant building
3.01 Subgrade
and Base products, from drywall to floor joists. These are often
Course treated with borates before use in home construction.
Materials
a. Borrow Pre-construction applications must use enough
Material
b. Base insecticide (often 100 gallons or more) at a sufficient
Course concentration to erect an adequate barrier.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
39
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Vertical barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
are created by applying 4 gallons of termiticide per 3
Proofing linear meters by rodding or trenching around the base
b. Chemical
Barrier of foundations, plumbing, utility entrances, expansion
b. Chemical joints, and where two slabs will join.
Barrier
c. Bait

3. ROADS &
System If areas to be treated are more than 300mm (one foot)
PARKING deep, then each 300mm of depth should receive 16
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
liters (4 gallons) per 3 linear meters.
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Treatment of trenches involves digging a trench, no
Material
b. Base
wider than 150mm (6 inches), applying termiticide to the
Course trench, and mixing with soil as the soil is replaced.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving Hollow block voids of foundations should also be
and
Surfacing treated with 16 liters (4 gallons) of termiticide per 3
a. Concrete linear meters .
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
40
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Horizontal barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
are made by applying 4 liters (one
Proofing gallon) of termiticide per 3 square
b. Chemical
Barrier meters. The treatment is usually
b. Chemical accomplished by applying a
Barrier
c. Bait
coarse spray at low pressure. All
3. ROADS &
System termite treatments to slab
PARKING construction should include
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
horizontal barriers, which are
Course relatively easy to apply.
Materials
a. Borrow
Material  Slab treatment - involves
b. Base
Course drilling through the slab floor
c. Choker and injecting termiticides into
Aggregate
3.02 Paving the soil at regular intervals.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
41
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  Horizontal barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
 Basements and Crawl
b. Chemical Spaces - trenches are dug
Barrier
b. Chemical around the foundation,
Barrier termiticide applied and the
c. Bait
System
trench filled back in.
3. ROADS & Chemicals may also be
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade injected into the soil in the
and Base
Course
crawl space/basement and
Materials around the foundation. The
a. Borrow
Material walls and foundation of the
b. Base home are also treated, as
Course
c. Choker well as around piers, pipes,
Aggregate
3.02 Paving and other access point.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
42
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
The objective of this method is
PROOFING to attract the termite workers to
2.01 Termite
Proofing forage on a slow-acting insect-
b. Chemical
Barrier
growth regulator (IGR) called
b. Chemical hexaflumuron that will work to
Barrier eliminate the termite workers
c. Bait
System population and eventually result
3. ROADS &
PARKING in the death of the queen and
3.01 Subgrade any subsequent future queens,
and Base
Course and therefore the entire colony.
Materials
a. Borrow The system employs baiting and
Material
b. Base monitoring devices, installed
Course where evidence of infestation is
c. Choker
Aggregate found: on the ground outside the
3.02 Paving
and house, on walls, floors, ceilings
Surfacing inside the house.
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
43 43
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.01 SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Borrow Material
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Base Course Material
PROOFING
2.01 Termite c. Choker Aggregate:
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier
b. Chemical
A "choker" course is a
Barrier filter layer of finer material
c. Bait that is installed over a
System
3. ROADS & coarse road base
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade material. The purpose of
and Base the choker course is to
Course
Materials provide a stable
a. Borrow
Material
foundation of fine-grained
b. Base aggregate for the
Course
c. Choker construction of a
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
pavement.
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
44
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Concrete (See Div 03 Concrete)
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Bituminous Surfacing
PROOFING
2.01 Termite  HOT MIX ASPHALT or ASPHALTIC CONCRETE – a
Proofing
b. Chemical dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or
Barrier semi-solid, composed of bitumens which when mixed
b. Chemical
Barrier with graded aggregates is used as paving material by
c. Bait placing, shaping, and compacting while hot over a
System
3. ROADS & prepared base.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
45
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE –
PROOFING is asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively light and
2.01 Termite
Proofing slow-curing asphalt, placed over a prepared surface
b. Chemical
Barrier without heat. This hardens to a state that is less firm
b. Chemical and durable than hot-mix asphaltic concrete.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
46
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  ASPHALTIC MACADAM – paving for roads and other
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
surfaces formed by grading and compacting layers of
Proofing crushed stone or gravel, then the top layer is bound by
b. Chemical
Barrier asphalt to stabilize the stone, provide a smoother
b. Chemical surface, and seal against water penetration.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
47
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK  ASPHALT OVERLAY – when one or more courses or
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
layers of asphalt an asphalt leveling course made of
Proofing an asphalt and aggregate mixture of variable
b. Chemical
Barrier thickness to correct the contour of existing surface,
b. Chemical are placed on existing pavement.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
48
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Chemical
Barrier

ENDb. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
49