COATINGS & PAINTS PAINT COMPOSITION:

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF COATINGS: 1. PIGMENT – a finely ground, insoluble substance suspended

in a liquid vehicle to impart color and opacity to a paint.
1. PAINTS - a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a
liquidvehicle, applied as a thin, usually opaque coating to a “Varnish – no pigment”
surface for protection and decoration.

2. VEHICLE - a liquid in which pigment is dispersed before being

2. STAINS – a solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a applied to a surface in order to control consistency, adhesion,
vehicle, applied to penetrate and color a wood surface without gloss and durability.
obscuring the grain.

3. BINDER – the nonvolatile part of a paint vehicle that bonds

3. VARNISHES – a liquid preparation consisting of a resin particles of pigment into a cohesive film during the drying
dissolved in an oil (oil varnish) or in alcohol (spirit varnish), that process. “Stain-no Binder”
when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usually
transparent coatings.

SOLVENT - the volatile part of a paint vehicle that evaporates

during the drying process.

PAINTS CLASSIFICATION:

1. ARCHITECTURAL PAINTS - are air-drying materials applied

by brush or spray to architectural and structural surfaces and
forms for decorative and protective purposes. 4. ADDITIVES – Modifications.

2. COMMERCIAL PAINTS - air-drying or baking-cured materials PAINT TYPES:

applied by brush, spray, or magnetic agglomeration to kitchen
1. PRIMERS - are basecoats applied to a surface to improve the
and laundry appliances, automobile, machinery, and furniture
adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish. Also called
and used as highway marking materials.
prime coat.

3. INDUSTRIAL PAINTS - subdivided by their intended service: 2. SEALERS – a basecoat applied to a surface to reduce the
corrosion-resistant coatings, high temperature coatings, and absorption of subsequent coats of paint or varnish to prevent
coatings for immersion service bleeding through the finish coat.
PAINT TYPES: 9. HEAT RESISTANT PAINTS – a paint specially formulated
with silicone resins to withstand high temperatures.
3. OIL PAINTS – a paint in which the vehicle is a drying oil.

* Drying Oil - any of various oily, organic liquids, as linseed oil,

that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough elastic film when
exposed in a thin layer to air.

10. INTUMESCENT COATINGS - when exposed to the heat of

a fire, swell to form a thick insulating layer of inert foam that
retards flame spread and combustion

4.ALKYD PAINTS – apaint in which the vehicle is an alkyd resin.

* Alkyd resin - any of a group of synthetic resins derived from a

polyvalent alcohol in reaction with an organic acid, used chiefly
in adhesives and paints.

STAIN TYPES:

1. WATER STAIN – a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye

in a water vehicle.
5. LATEX PAINTS – a paint having a latex binder that coalesces
as water evaporates frorn the emulsion. Also called Rubber-
Base Paint, Water-Base Paint.

* Latex – a water emulsion of synthetic rubber or plastic globules

obtained by polymerization and used in paints and adhesives. * Dye – a soluble coloring material that imparts color by
absorption.

* Penetrating stain – a stain that penetrates a wood surface,

leaving a very thin film on the surface.

2. SPIRIT STAIN – a penetrating stain made by dissolving dye

6. EPOXY PAINTS - have an epoxy resin as a binder for in an alcohol or spirit vehicle.
increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals.

7. ANTICORROSIVE PAINT- a paint or primer specially 3. PIGMENTED STAIN - is an oil stain containing pigments
fornulated with rust-inhibiting pigments to prevent or reduce the capable of obscuring the grain and texture of a wood surface.
corrosion of metal surfaces. Also called Rust-Inhibiting Paint. Also called Opaque Stain.

8. FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS – a paint specially fornulated with 4. OIL STAIN - made by dissolving dye or suspending pigment
silicone, polyvinyl chloride, or other subtance to reduce the in a drying oil or oil varnish vehicle.
flame-spread of a combustible material.
VARNISHES TYPES: New wood exteriors:

1. SPAR VARNISH - is a durable, weather-resistant varnish * The surface must be clean and dry
made from durable resins and linseed or tung oil. Also called * Rough spots in siding should be sanded smooth.
Marine Varnish. * All new wood must be primed .
* After the prime coat has been dried, putty and fill all nail holes
and cracks.
* Caulk joint around doors and window frames.
* If pre-primed siding is hard and slick, it should be re-primed.

2. POLYURETHANE - an exceptionally hard, abrasion – Masonry floors:

resistant, and chemical – resistant varnish made from plastic * Interior and exterior concrete floors must be allowed to dry
resin of the same name. approximately 90 days for proper aging.
* Fresh cement contains alkali which will burn paint.
* Floors subjected to excessive moisture seepage, or hydrostatic
pressure, cannot be successfully painted.

3. LACQUER - refers to any of various clear or colored synthetic

coatings consisting of nitrocellulose or other cellulose derivative
dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high
gloss film. Metal surfaces:
* All metal surfaces must be cleaned and dry.
* Remove any rust, mill scale or loose paint by wire brushing,
sandblasting/sandpapering.
* Bare spots on shop-coated steel must be wire - brushed and
spot primed.
* Remove oil and grease with paint thinner or mineral spirits.
4. SHELLAC - spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac
flakes in denatured alcohol. Also called Shellac Varnish. * No priming necessary when applying exterior latex to
weathered galvanized metal.

SURFACE PREPARATION (Interior):

* The surface to be painted must be clean and free of wax, dirt
or grease.
* Cracks and holes must be repaired with patching plaster.
PAINTS CAN BE APPLIED BY: Brush, Spray, Roller
* Patched areas must be spot primed.
SURFACE PREPARATION (Exterior): Old glossy surfaces should be prepared by sanding.

Previously painted surfaces:

* Scrape off loose paint and sand smooth.

* Old, fading paint must be removed to provide good adhesion
for the new coats of paint.
* Nail back loose boards, countersink the nail PROPER APPLICATION:
heads and fill with putty. * Avoid painting in the hot sun. Try to paint those surfaces that
* To prevent discoloration of paint later, seal knots and resinous have already been exposed to sunlight
spots with a thin coat of shellac. * Apply a coat of paint primer
* Finish with two-coat of top coats
PAINT DEFECTS: 8. SURFACTANT LEACHING - Concentration of water-soluble
ingredients on the surface of a latex paint, typically on a ceiling
1. BLISTERING - Bubbles resulting from localized loss of surface in rooms that have high humidity (e.g., shower,
adhesion and lifting of the paint film from the underlying surface. bathroom, kitchen); may be evident as tan or brown spots or
areas, and can sometimes be glossy, soapy or sticky.

2. BLOCKING - Undesirable sticking together of two painted

surfaces when pressed together (e.g., a door sticking to the 9. WRINKLING - A rough, crinkled paint surface, which occurs
jamb). when uncured paint forms a "skin.”

3. BURNISHING - Increase in gloss or sheen of paint film when 10. PEELING - Loss of paint due to poor adhesion. Where there
subjected to rubbing, scrubbing or having an object brush up is a primer and top coat, or multiple coats of paint, peeling may
against it. involve some or all coats.

4. CRACKING/FLAKING - The splitting of a dry paint film

11. CHALKING - Formation of fine powder on the surface of the
through at least one coat as a result of aging, which ultimately
paint film during weathering, which can cause color
will lead to complete failure of the paint. In its early stages, the
fading. Although some degree of chalking is a normal, desirable
problem appears as hairline cracks; in its later stages, flaking
way for a paint film to wear, excessive film erosion can result in
occurs.
heavy chalking.

5. BUBBLING (FOAMING/CRATERING) - Formation of bubbles 12. EFFLORESCENCE/MOTTLING -Crusty, white salt deposits,
(foaming) and resulting small, round concave depressions leached from mortar or masonry as water passes through it.
(cratering) when bubbles break in a paint film, during paint
application and drying.

13. FROSTING - A white, salt-like substance on the paint

surface. Frosting can occur on any paint color, but it is less
6. LAPPING - appearance of a denser color or increased gloss noticeable on white paint or light tints. On masonry, it can be
where wet and dry layers overlap during paint application. mistakes for efflorescence.

7. SAGGING - Downward "drooping" movement of the paint film

immediately after application, resulting in a uneven coating. 14. ALLIGATORING - Patterned cracking in the surface of the
paint film resembling the regular scales of an alligator.