Failure of Plate Girders

Vishwakarma Government
Engineering College
Subject: Design of Steel Structures
Modes of failure of plate girder

8TH Semester Civil
Prepared By:Parikh Komal (150170106046) Guided by :-

Rathod Krina (150170106047) Prof. M.M. Chauhan
Rathod Pratik (150170106048)
Rathod Prayosha (150170106049)
Rathod Ravi (150170106050)
Raut Nanu (150170106051)
Plate girder
A girder is a flexural member which is required to carry heavy loads on relatively long spans
Plate girder :
• Plate girders became popular in the late 1800's, when they were used in construction of railroad
bridges.
• The plates were joined together using angles and rivets to obtain plate girders of desired size.
• By 1950's welded plate girders replaced riveted and bolted plate girders in developed world due to
their better quality, aesthetics and economy.
• Following shows the cross sections of two common types of plate girder bridges.
• The use of plate girders rather than rolled beam sections for the two main girders gives the
designer freedom to select the most economical girder for the structure.
Common types of plate girder bridge
Laterally supported beam Laterally unsupported beams
Response to Vertical loading
•Plastic hinge formation

•Lateral deflection and twist
•Local buckling of
i) Flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due to concentrated loads
•Local failure by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
iii) Buckling of thin flanges
Modes of failure of plate girder :
• Elastic buckling,
• Bending in the plane of web,
• Local buckling
• Buckling in the plane of web
• Vertical buckling of the compression flange
• Shear buckling
Failure Types of Plate Girder
Shear buckling of web compression buckling of web
Lateral-torsional buckling of Flange induced buckling of

girder the web
Local buckling of Local buckling of web due to

compression flange vertical load
Shape limitation based on local buckling :
• Depending on the type of cross section (compact or non-compact) the variation of stress over the
depth at failure varies. A compact section can develop full plastic moment i.e. rectangular stress
block as shown in Fig.
• Before the development of this full plastic moment, local buckling of individual component plates
should not occur.
• Thus the compact section should possess minimum thickness of elements on the compression zone
such that they do not buckle locally before the entire compression zone yields in compression.
• The minimum thickness of elements for a typical compact section is shown in Fig. where fy is to
be substituted in SI units (MPa).
Fig 1. Design stresses Fig 2. Shape limitations for plate girder
• The section that does not fulfill the minimum thickness criterion of compact section is defined
as non-compact section. A non-compact section may buckle locally before full section plastic
capacity is reached.
• Therefore the design of such section is based on triangular stress block wherein yielding at the
extreme fibre, as shown in fig.7.16 (b), limit the design moment.
• The moment capacity of the compact and non-compact cross sections can be evaluated by the
following formulae:
Mu = Zp * fy / 𝛾𝑚 For compact section

Mu = Zp * fy / 𝛾𝑚 For non compact section
Where , Zp = plastic modulus

Z = elastic modulus
𝛾𝑚 = Partial safety factor for material strength (1.15)
The Important of Stiffeners
• Stiffeners strengthened a very thin web of plate girder which may buckle laterally or cripple under the
heavy concentrated load.
• Normally, depth of plate girder is design to be large for economic reason and it is made thin to reduce
the self weight of the girder.
Local buckling of Compression Members
• Beams – compression flange buckles locally

• Fabricated and cold-formed sections prone to local buckling
• Local buckling gives distortion of c/s but need not lead to collapse
Lateral torsional buckling :
• A typical bridge girder with a portion of the span, over which the compression flange is laterally
unrestrained, is shown in Fig. (a).
• Such a girder is susceptible to lateral torsional buckling. Fig. (b) shows a laterally buckled view of
a portion of the span.
• The displacements at mid span, where the beam is laterally restrained, will be only vertical, as
shown in Fig. (c). A part of the beam between restraints can translate downwards and sideways and
rotate about shear center [Fig. (d)]. Failure may then be governed by lateral torsional buckling.
• This type of failure depends on the unrestrained length of compression flange, the geometry of
cross section, moment gradient etc.
Distorsion caused by lateral torsional buckling
Web buckling :
• The web of plate girders resist the shear in the three modes, namely (i) pure shear, (ii) tension
field action and (iii) that due to formation of collapse mechanism. They are presented briefly
below:
• The elastic critical shear strength of a plate girder is given by :
𝜋 2𝐸 𝑡 2
𝑞𝑐 = 𝑘 2
( )
12 (1 − 𝜇 ) 𝑑
Where ,
𝑑2 𝑎
𝑘 = 5.34 + 4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ≥ 1.0
𝑎 𝑑
𝑑 𝑎
𝑘 = 4 + 5.34 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ≤ 1.0
𝑎 𝑑
Where t, d and a are the web thickness, depth and distance between
vertical stiffeners, respectively.
• In mode (ii), a tension field develops in the panel after shear buckling.
• In mode (iii) the maximum shear capacity is reached, when pure shear stress in mode (i) and
the membrane stress, in mode (ii) cause yielding of the panel and plastic hinges in the flanges
The membrane tensile stress pt in terms of the assumed angle [θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (d/a)] of the tension field
with respect to neutral axis (NA) and the first mode shear stress q, is given by,
Thus the resistance to shear in the three-modes put together is given by
𝑃𝑡 2 𝑞𝑐 2 1 𝑞𝑐
= [3 = (2.25𝑆𝑖𝑛 θ − 3) ( ) ]2 − 1.5 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 θ
𝑞𝑦 𝑞𝑦 𝑞𝑦
1 𝑎 2 𝑝𝑡
If 𝑚𝑓𝑤 ≤ ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ
4√3 𝑑 𝑓𝑦
1
𝑞𝑢 𝑞𝑐 𝑃𝑡 2 𝑃𝑡
=[ + 5.264 𝑆𝑖𝑛θ 𝑚𝑓𝑤 + (𝐶ot θ - ∅) 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 θ ]
𝑞𝑦 𝑞𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑞𝑦
𝑎 𝑝𝑡
If 𝑚𝑓𝑤 > ( )2
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑞𝑢 𝑑 𝑝𝑡 𝑞𝑐
= [4√3 𝑚𝑓𝑤 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 θ + ]
𝑞𝑦 𝑎 2𝑞𝑦 𝑞𝑦
• Where, mfw is the non-dimensional representation of plastic moment resistance of the flange,
given by:
𝑀𝑝
𝑚𝑓𝑤 =
𝑑 2 𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑤
• When tension field action is used, careful consideration must be given to the anchorage of the
tension field forces created in the end panels by appropriate design of end stiffeners.
Shear resistance :
Web susceptible to shear buckling
• Webs of slender proportions (i.e. height-to-thickness ratio exceeding specified limiting values) are
susceptible to shear buckling.
Elastic buckling of plate girder
• The girder is laterally and torsionally restrained in four locations. It is then subjected to four point
bending, it exhibits local buckling in the top (compression) flange and, as the test proceeds, shear
buckling in the web of the section.
• The load test also demonstrates the stable post-buckling response of the plate girder.
• The shear strength of plate girder depends on d/tw ratio.
• Webs of plate girders are usefully stiffened by transverse intermediate stiffners.This helps to
increase ultimate shear resistance of the webs.
• The shear capacity of web has 2 components, namely strength before onset of buckling and
strength after buckling.
• The nominal shear strength governed by buckling may be evaluated from following behaviour of
web plate:
• a) Pre buckling behaviour of web plate
• b) Post buckling behaviour of web plate
Buckling of slender web under shear
Unstiffened web
stiffened web
Figure illustrates local shear buckling of
Web section
Collapse in pure bending
• Under pure bending, the compression flange of the plate girder may buckle torsionally. On the
other hand, the flange of the model in the compression side of bending is subjected to thrust and
may locally buckle as a continuous panel under thrust. The difference in deformation of these two
flanges are schematically shown in Fig
Other failure modes
Summary on modes of failure
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Vishwakarma Government

Subject: Design of Steel Structures

Modes of failure of plate girder

Prepared By:Parikh Komal (150170106046) Guided by :-

•Plastic hinge formation

Shear buckling of web compression buckling of web

Lateral-torsional buckling of Flange induced buckling of

Local buckling of Local buckling of web due to

Mu = Zp * fy / 𝛾𝑚 For compact section

Where , Zp = plastic modulus

• Beams – compression flange buckles locally

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